PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Cattani C.S.O., Colodel E.M., Traverso S.D., Correa A.M.R., & Driemeier D. 2004. [Experimental poisoning by Dodonea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle.] Intoxicação experimental por Dodonea viscosa (Sapindaceae) em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):31-34. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Bairro Agronomia, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br The leaves of Dodonea viscosa were force fed to five bovines. Four received the leaves in fresh green stage and the fifth dried ones. Clinical signs were observed in four of the bovines that died; the fifth did not show signs of poisoning. The fresh green plant was proved to be toxic from a dose of 25g/kg on. Dried leaves fed at the dose of 30 g/kg were also toxic. All the animals that died showed clinical signs from 13h30min to 45h after the ingestion of the plant and and death followed within about 48h. The clinical course lasted for about 8h30min until death. The main symptoms where apathy, anorexia, slight tenesmus, muscle trembling, difficulties to keep consciousness, pressing the head against obstacles, lateral recumbency, paddling movements, coma and death. The most significant macroscopic alterations were observed in the liver, with accentuation of the lobular pattern, dark-red areas interspersed with yellowish areas. Petechiae were found in serosal membranes of the abdominal and thoracic organs as well as the intestines. The main microscopic change was hepatic centrolobular coagulative necrosis, associated with congestion and hemorrhages.

• Dodonea viscosa diseases of cattle plant poisoning hepatocellular necrosis.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Cattani C.S.O., Colodel E.M., Traverso S.D., Correa A.M.R., & Driemeier D. 2004. [Experimental poisoning by Dodonea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle.] Intoxicação experimental por Dodonea viscosa (Sapindaceae) em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):31-34. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Bairro Agronomia, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br The leaves of Dodonea viscosa were force fed to five bovines. Four received the leaves in fresh green stage and the fifth dried ones. Clinical signs were observed in four of the bovines that died; the fifth did not show signs of poisoning. The fresh green plant was proved to be toxic from a dose of 25g/kg on. Dried leaves fed at the dose of 30 g/kg were also toxic. All the animals that died showed clinical signs from 13h30min to 45h after the ingestion of the plant and and death followed within about 48h. The clinical course lasted for about 8h30min until death. The main symptoms where apathy, anorexia, slight tenesmus, muscle trembling, difficulties to keep consciousness, pressing the head against obstacles, lateral recumbency, paddling movements, coma and death. The most significant macroscopic alterations were observed in the liver, with accentuation of the lobular pattern, dark-red areas interspersed with yellowish areas. Petechiae were found in serosal membranes of the abdominal and thoracic organs as well as the intestines. The main microscopic change was hepatic centrolobular coagulative necrosis, associated with congestion and hemorrhages.

Abstract in English:

Lima M., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Flores F.S.F. & Arenhart S. 2004. [Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 isolates for use in vaccines.] Caracterização de amostras atenuadas do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV) tipos 1 e 2 para uso em vacinas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):35-42. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br This article reports the characterization of two cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1: IBSP-2; BVDV-2:SV-253) submitted to multiple passages (n=30) in tissue culture associated with ultraviolet irradiation. The vaccine candidate strains were characterized in vitro (plaque size and morphology, growth kinetics and antigenic profile) and in vivo (attenuation and serological response in calves). In vitro characterization of biologically cloned viruses obtained at passages 0, 1, 10, 20 and 30 demonstrated that the attenuation process did not significantly affect the phenotypic and antigenic properties of the viruses. No major differences in plaque size and morphology and in the growth kinetics in tissue culture were observed among the viruses obtained at different passages. Likewise, the antigenic profile of these viruses did not change upon successive passages in tissue culture, as ascertained by the pattern of binding by 48 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Intramuscular inoculation of both viruses (IBSP-2: 107.3 TCID50; SV-253: 106.8 TCID50) at passage 30 (p30) in twelve 15 months old heifers did not produce clinical signs, demonstrating the attenuation of the viruses. Following inoculation, infectious virus was detected in leucocytes of most inoculated animals (10/12) between days 3 and 6 post-inoculation (pi) and in nasal secretions of three animals (days 4, 7 and 8pi). However, the vaccine viruses were not transmitted to three seronegative calves maintained as sentinels. All vaccinated calves seroconverted at day 14 post-vaccination. A moderate to high serum neutralizing response against five Brazilian BVDV-1 (titers from 80 to ³1,280) and four Brazilian BVDV-2 isolates (titers from 20 to 640) was observed at day 33 post-vaccination (pv). In general, the highest titers were observed against the Brazilian BVDV-1 isolates. At day 240 post-vaccination, the animals received a booster administration (IBSP-2: 107.3 TCID50 and SV-253: 106.8 TCID50). Revaccination resulted in a strong anamnestic response in most animals, with increasing antibody titers mainly to BVDV-2. These are promising results towards the future use of these strains in modified-live vaccines for the control of BVDV infection in Brazil.

• Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) modified-live vaccine attenuation.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Lima M., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Flores F.S.F. & Arenhart S. 2004. [Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 isolates for use in vaccines.] Caracterização de amostras atenuadas do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV) tipos 1 e 2 para uso em vacinas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):35-42. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br This article reports the characterization of two cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1: IBSP-2; BVDV-2:SV-253) submitted to multiple passages (n=30) in tissue culture associated with ultraviolet irradiation. The vaccine candidate strains were characterized in vitro (plaque size and morphology, growth kinetics and antigenic profile) and in vivo (attenuation and serological response in calves). In vitro characterization of biologically cloned viruses obtained at passages 0, 1, 10, 20 and 30 demonstrated that the attenuation process did not significantly affect the phenotypic and antigenic properties of the viruses. No major differences in plaque size and morphology and in the growth kinetics in tissue culture were observed among the viruses obtained at different passages. Likewise, the antigenic profile of these viruses did not change upon successive passages in tissue culture, as ascertained by the pattern of binding by 48 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Intramuscular inoculation of both viruses (IBSP-2: 107.3 TCID50; SV-253: 106.8 TCID50) at passage 30 (p30) in twelve 15 months old heifers did not produce clinical signs, demonstrating the attenuation of the viruses. Following inoculation, infectious virus was detected in leucocytes of most inoculated animals (10/12) between days 3 and 6 post-inoculation (pi) and in nasal secretions of three animals (days 4, 7 and 8pi). However, the vaccine viruses were not transmitted to three seronegative calves maintained as sentinels. All vaccinated calves seroconverted at day 14 post-vaccination. A moderate to high serum neutralizing response against five Brazilian BVDV-1 (titers from 80 to ³1,280) and four Brazilian BVDV-2 isolates (titers from 20 to 640) was observed at day 33 post-vaccination (pv). In general, the highest titers were observed against the Brazilian BVDV-1 isolates. At day 240 post-vaccination, the animals received a booster administration (IBSP-2: 107.3 TCID50 and SV-253: 106.8 TCID50). Revaccination resulted in a strong anamnestic response in most animals, with increasing antibody titers mainly to BVDV-2. These are promising results towards the future use of these strains in modified-live vaccines for the control of BVDV infection in Brazil.

Abstract in English:

Döbereiner J., Dutra I.S. & Rosa I.V. 2004. [The etiology of “cara inchada”, a bovine epizootic periodontitis in Brazil.] A etiologia da “cara inchada”, uma periodontite epizoótica dos bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasleira 24(1):50-56. Projeto Sanidade Animal Embrapa/UFRRJ, Embrapa-CNPAB/PSA, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: jurgen@ufrrj.br A condensed version in Portuguese of an extensive review on “cara inchada”-periodontitis of cattle, published in English, is presented with some additional information. This disease was responsible for severe losses of young cattle especially in the 1970’s and 1980’s in central Brazil. Due to the progressive periodontitis and the loss of teeth, the animals cannot eat properly, loose condition and may die. This was believed to be due to mineral deficiency or imbalance. However, field and laboratory observations and experiments over 30 years showed that it is a multifactorial infectious disease which can be defined as Bovine Epizootic Periodontitis. It was concluded that there are three main factors required for its development: (1) Cattle affected are at the age when premolar and molar teeth erupt; (2) bacteria of the Bacteroides group are present in the subgingival spaces; (3) the ingestion with the forage of subinibitory concentrations of antibiotics, mainly streptomycin, produced by the large increase in the number of actinomycetes found in soils from pastures sown after recently cleared forest; this leads to an increased adherence of Bacteroides spp to the gingival epithelium and to the progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues. Nowadays, the disease has practically disappeared, because the disturbed soil microflora has reached the new equilibrium, and the occupation of virgin land for cattle raising has almost ceased. New outbreaks may occur with former problem-pastures when these are freshly cultivated as this again leads to a disequilibrium of the soil microflora and to increased antibiotic production. Other antibiotics such as spiramycin and virginiamycin, administered orally or added to a mineral supplement, can control the disease.

• “Cara inchada” periodontitis cattle.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Döbereiner J., Dutra I.S. & Rosa I.V. 2004. [The etiology of “cara inchada”, a bovine epizootic periodontitis in Brazil.] A etiologia da “cara inchada”, uma periodontite epizoótica dos bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasleira 24(1):50-56. Projeto Sanidade Animal Embrapa/UFRRJ, Embrapa-CNPAB/PSA, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: jurgen@ufrrj.br A condensed version in Portuguese of an extensive review on “cara inchada”-periodontitis of cattle, published in English, is presented with some additional information. This disease was responsible for severe losses of young cattle especially in the 1970’s and 1980’s in central Brazil. Due to the progressive periodontitis and the loss of teeth, the animals cannot eat properly, loose condition and may die. This was believed to be due to mineral deficiency or imbalance. However, field and laboratory observations and experiments over 30 years showed that it is a multifactorial infectious disease which can be defined as Bovine Epizootic Periodontitis. It was concluded that there are three main factors required for its development: (1) Cattle affected are at the age when premolar and molar teeth erupt; (2) bacteria of the Bacteroides group are present in the subgingival spaces; (3) the ingestion with the forage of subinibitory concentrations of antibiotics, mainly streptomycin, produced by the large increase in the number of actinomycetes found in soils from pastures sown after recently cleared forest; this leads to an increased adherence of Bacteroides spp to the gingival epithelium and to the progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues. Nowadays, the disease has practically disappeared, because the disturbed soil microflora has reached the new equilibrium, and the occupation of virgin land for cattle raising has almost ceased. New outbreaks may occur with former problem-pastures when these are freshly cultivated as this again leads to a disequilibrium of the soil microflora and to increased antibiotic production. Other antibiotics such as spiramycin and virginiamycin, administered orally or added to a mineral supplement, can control the disease.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Bonel-Raposoj., Driemeier D., Barros S.S. & Gevehr~Fernandes C. 2003. [Histological and ultrastructural evolution of liver lesions in experimental Myoporum laetum poisoning of sheep and cattle.] Evolução das lesões histológicas e ultra-estruturais no fígado de ovinos e bovinos experimentalmente intoxicados por Myoporum laetum. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):149-155. Depto Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: bonel-raposo@brturbo.com Green leaves of Myoporum laetum were collected during spring and summer, and administered to five sheep and six steers at dosages of 20 and 30 g/kg. Liver biopsies were taken before (Controls) and 1, 3 and 7 days after dosage. ln sheep, the clinicai signs were depression, rumen hypomotility, dried feces, tenesmus, teeth grinding, dyspnea and typical lesions of photosensitization. ln cattle, the clinicai picture was much less pronounced. The main histological findings in sheep were vacuolization of hepatocytes, portal ftbrosis, bile duct proliferation and necrosis of periportal hepatocytes; the ultrastructural examination revealed hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, hepatocellular hydropic degeneration, presence of crystals and severa! other degenerative changes. ln cattle both, the histological and the ultrastructural findings, were less evident.

• Poisonous plants plant poisoning Myoporum laetum sheep cattle Plantas tóxicas intoxicação por plantas ovinos bovinos.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Bonel-Raposoj., Driemeier D., Barros S.S. & Gevehr~Fernandes C. 2003. [Histological and ultrastructural evolution of liver lesions in experimental Myoporum laetum poisoning of sheep and cattle.] Evolução das lesões histológicas e ultra-estruturais no fígado de ovinos e bovinos experimentalmente intoxicados por Myoporum laetum. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):149-155. Depto Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: bonel-raposo@brturbo.com Amostras de Myoporum laetum foram colhidas durante a primavera e verão e administradas a cinco ovinos e seis bovinos em doses únicas de 20 e 30 g/kg. Biópsias hepáticas foram colhidas antes (controles) e 1, 3 e 7 dias após a dosagem da planta. Estas biópsias foram analisadas histológica e ultraestruturalmente. Os sinais clínicos, em ovinos, caracterizaramse, especialmente; pordepressão, diminuição dos movimentos ruminais, fezes ressequidas, tenesmo, ranger de dentes, dispnéia e lesões típicas de fotossensibilização. Em bovinos, o quadro clínico foi discreto. Os principais achados histológicos, em ovinos, incluíram vacuolização de hepatócitos, fibrose portal, proliferação de duetos biliares e necrose de hepatócitos periportais. Os estudos ultra-estruturais, em ovinos, revelaram hiperplasia do retículo endoplasmático liso, tumefação de hepatócitos, degranulação e vesiculação do retículo endoplasmático rugoso, presença de cristais aciculares, retenção biliar, tumefação de mitocôndrias e várias outras alterações degenerativas. Em bovinos, tanto os achados histológicos, quanto os ultra-estruturais foram menos evidentes.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Azevedo S.S., Vasconcellos S.A., Alves C.J., Keid L.B., Grasso L.M.P.S., Mascolli R. & Pinheiro S.R. 2003. [Serological survey and risk factors for brucellosis due to Brucella canis in dogs of the Santana de Parnaíba municipality, State of São Paulo.] Inquérito sorológico e fatores de risco para a brucelose por Brucella canis em cães do Município de Santana de Parnaíba, Estado de São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):156-160. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ/USP, 05508-090 São Paulo·SP, Brazil. E-mail: sevedo@fmvz.usp.br The prevalence of brucellosis due to Bruce/la canis was investigated in dogs of the Santana de Parnaíba. county, State of São Paulo, southeastem Brazil, and the risk factors for infection were analyzed. For this purpose, 41 O blood samples were collected from dogs duririg the rabies vaccination campaign, in August 1999. The agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIO), using lipopolysaccharides and protein antigens from Brucella ovis; strain Reo 198, was applied first as a screening test on normal sera, and secondly, for confirmation. fl1e sarne AGIO test was applied to sera treated previously with 2-mercapthathanol (ME-AGIO). The complement fixation test (CFT), using B. ovis antigen, strain 63/290, was applied also as a confirmatory test. For the prevalence analysis, animais presenting positive results in both ME-AGIO and CFTwere considered positive. The prevalence of brucellosis due to B. canis was 2.2% (95% C.I. = 1.01-4.13%). Dogs that were allowed bytheir owners to stay free outside their home had a higher risk for contracting B. canis infection, with an odds ratio value of 8.73 (95% C.I.=1.48-51.55) and p=0.04.

• Animal brucellosis Brucella canis diagnosis dogs Brucelose animal diagnóstico cães.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Azevedo S.S., Vasconcellos S.A., Alves C.J., Keid L.B., Grasso L.M.P.S., Mascolli R. & Pinheiro S.R. 2003. [Serological survey and risk factors for brucellosis due to Brucella canis in dogs of the Santana de Parnaíba municipality, State of São Paulo.] Inquérito sorológico e fatores de risco para a brucelose por Brucella canis em cães do Município de Santana de Parnaíba, Estado de São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):156-160. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ/USP, 05508-090 São Paulo·SP, Brazil. E-mail: sevedo@fmvz.usp.br Foi investigada a prevalência da brucelose causada por Brucella canis em cães do município de Santana de Parnaíba, SP, Brasil, e realizado um estudo de possíveis fatores de risco associados à soropositividade para B. canis. Foram examinadas 410 amostras de soro sanguíneo de cães colhidas durante a campanha de vacinação anti-rábica animal, realizada em agosto de 1999. A imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IOGA), utilizando antígeno de lipopolissacarídeos e proteínas de Brucella ovis, amostra Reo 198, foi empregada em soros normais como teste de triagem, e, para a confirmação, a mesma técnica foi aplicada em soros tratados pelo 2-mercaptoetanol (IOGA-ME). A reação de fixação de complemento (CFT), utilizando antígeno de B. ovis, amostra 63/290, também foi utilizada como prova confirmatória. A determinação da prevalência considerou como positivos os animais que reagiram positivamente nos dois testes confirmatórios. (IOGA-ME e CFT). A prevalência da B. canis foi de 2,2% (1.C. 95% = 1,01-4, 13%). A análise estatística mostrou que os cães com acesso irrestrito à rua o dia todo (manejo do tipo solto) estiveram mais expostos ao risco da infecção por B. canis, com um valor de odds ratio de 8,73 (I.C. 95% = 1,48-51,55) e p=0,04.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Fighera R.A., Rozza D.B., Piazer J.V., Copetti M.V., lrigoyen L.F. & Barros C.S.L. 2003. [Interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas).] Pneumonia intersticial em bovinos associada à ingestão de batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):161-166. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of respiratory disease were diagnosed in five out of 23 cattle (21. 7%) after they wete fed moldy damaged sweet potatoes (lpomoea batatas) on a small farm in the county of São Vicente do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Of those five cattle, three died spontaneously and another one was euthanatized for necropsy while showing advanced respiratory clinicai signs. The disease manifested itself approximately 24 hours after the ingestion of the sweet potatoes and lasted from 1 to 4 days. Clinicai signs included dyspnea (labored breathing and abdominal respiration), tachypnea, extended neck with Iow carriage of the head and rhythmical flaring of the nostrils. Two cows were necropsied. Necropsy findings included distended pale and rubbery lungs which failed to collapse when the thorax was open, and marked pulmonar interstitial emphysema and edema. Lymphoid hyperplasia was observed in the hilar nodes and spleen. Histologically, the lesions were those of interstitial pneumonia. Alveolar septa were thickened by fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and there was hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type li pneumocytes; the interlobular septa were distended by edema and emphysema. The culture of the moldy sweet potatoes yielded Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum.

• Toxic diseases mycotoxicoses respiratory diseases interstitial pneumonia diseases of cattle sweet potatoes lpomoea batatas Intoxicações micotoxicoses doenças respiratórias pneumonia intersticial doenças de bovinos batata-doce.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Fighera R.A., Rozza D.B., Piazer J.V., Copetti M.V., lrigoyen L.F. & Barros C.S.L. 2003. [Interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas).] Pneumonia intersticial em bovinos associada à ingestão de batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):161-166. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Uma doença respiratória foi diagnosticada em cinco dentre 23 bovinos (21, 7%) após terem sido alimentados com batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada em uma pequena propriedade rural em São Vicente do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Três dos cinco bovinos afetados morreram espontaneamente, e o quarto foi sacrificado para necropsia quando mostrava sinais clínicos respiratórios avançados. A manifestação clínica iniciara cerca de 24 horas após a ingestão das batatasdoces e a evolução clínica foi de 1 a 4 dias. Os sinais clínicos incluíam dispnéia (respiração laboriosa e abdominal), taquipnéia, pescoço estendido com cabeça baixa e dilatação ritmada das narinas. Dois bovinos foram necropsiados. Os achados de necropsia incluíam pulmões distendidos, pálidos e de consistência borrachenta, que não colapsavam quando o tórax era aberto; enfisema e edema acentuados eram evidentes no pulmão. Os linfonodos e o baço apresentavam alterações características de hiperplasia linfóide. Histologicamente, as lesões eram típicas de pneumonia intersticial. Os septos alveolares estavam espessados por fibroblastos e células inflamatórias, havia hipertrofia e hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II; os septos interlobulares estavam distendidos por edema e enfisema. A cultura de amostras das batatas-doces mofadas produziu Fusarium solani e F. oxysporum.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Barbosa]. D., Oliveira C. M. C., Tokarnia C. H. & Riet-Correa E 2003. [Comparison of the sensibility of cattle and buffaloes to poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae).] Comparação da sensibilidade de bovinos e búfalos à intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4): 167-172. Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Castanhal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Maximino Porpino 1000, Castanhal, PA 68743- 080, Brazil. E-mail: diomedes@ufpa.br In order to verify if buffaloes are more resistant than cattle to poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii, the plant was given per os simultaneously to buffaloes and cattle. Seven buffaloes and three head of cattle were used. Doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg did not cause signs of poisoning in buffaloes; but doses of 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g/kg caused death. In cattle 0.25 g/kg did not cause symptoms; but 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg were lethal. The influence of exercise on the onset of symptoms, the time which elapsed from the beginning of the administration of the plant to the appearance of symptoms, and the symptoms themselves, were similar in the two animal species. The clinical course was longer in buffaloes; whilst in cattle the period between the onset of severe symptoms and death lasted 9 to 17 minutes; in buffaloes it varied from 10 minutes to 1 hour 28 minutes. It can be concluded, that buffaloes are about six times more resistant than cattle to the toxic action of P. maracgravii. The lower incidence of deaths in buffaloes by poisonous plants in the Amazon region is, at least in part, due the lower sensibility of buffaloes to poisoning by this plant. Another factor responsible for the smaller number of buffaloes which die due to plant poisoning in the Amazon region, is possibly that buffaloes prefer the Jowlands, e.g. temporarily flooded areas, which are the habitat of Arrabidaea bilabiata, the second most important poisonous plant of the Amazon region. This plant is less poisonous than P. marcgravii, and its habitat are the higher not flooded areas. So it would be safer, in order to diminish losses, to breed buffaloes instead of cattle in areas where P. marcgravii occurs. The reason for the greater resistance of buffaloes should be further investigated as a possible prophylactic measure to avoid poisoning by P. marcgravii in cattle. On the other hand, Australian investigators modified genetically the ruminai bacteria Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens by introducing a gene, isolated from a Moraxella sp, which codifies a dehalogenase, capable of hydrolyzing fluoroacetate, the poisonous principle of P. marcgravii. Transferring the genetically modified B. fibrisolvens into the rumen of animal, which consume plants that contain fluoroacetate, would be a viable method to control that poisoning through a ruminal detoxifying process for the toxin. Through preliminary contacts, the director of the consorcium in Australia, responsible for the modification of the bacteria, declared that he is interested to sell the technology to our country, but it would be necessary to know if it is permitted to introduce into Brazil the genetically modified bacteria. If allowed, it would be necessary to perform investigations on the viability and the methodology for using this bacteria to control P. marcgravii poisoning in our country.

• Poisonous plants plant poisoning Palicourea marcgravii Rubiaceae cattle buffaloes prophylaxis Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens genetically modified bactéria Intoxicação por planta Rubiaceae bovinos búfalos profilaxia bactérias geneticamente modificadas.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Barbosa]. D., Oliveira C. M. C., Tokarnia C. H. & Riet-Correa E 2003. [Comparison of the sensibility of cattle and buffaloes to poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae).] Comparação da sensibilidade de bovinos e búfalos à intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4): 167-172. Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Castanhal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Maximino Porpino 1000, Castanhal, PA 68743- 080, Brazil. E-mail: diomedes@ufpa.br O presente estudo foi realizado para verificar se búfalos são mais resistentes do que bovinos à ação tóxica de Palicourea marcgravii, mediante a administração da planta por via oral, simultaneamente, a bovinos e a búfalos. Foram usados sete búfalos e três bovinos. Verificou-se que em búfalos doses de 0,5 g/kg, 1,0 g/kg e 2,0 g/kg não causaram sintomas de intoxicação. As doses de 3,0 g/kg, 4,0 g/kg e 6,0 g/kg causaram a morte dos búfalos. Em bovinos, a dose de 0,25g/kg não causou sinais clínicos de intoxicação, enquanto que doses de 0,5 g/kg e 2,0 g/kg causaram a morte. A influência do exercício sobre o aparecimento dos sintomas, o prazo decorrido desde o começo da administração da planta até o início de sintomas, e os próprios sintomas, foram semelhantes nas duas espécies animais. O curso clínico foi mais longo nos búfalos. Enquanto nos bovinos o período entre o aparecimento dos sintomas graves e a morte foi de 9 a 17 minutos, nos búfalos variou de 10 minutos a 1 hora e 28 minutos. Pode se concluir que os bubalinos são aproximadamente seis vezes mais resistentes do que os bovinos à ação tóxica de P. marcgravii. O menor índice de mortes pela ação de plantas tóxicas na Amazônia em búfalos é, pelo menos em parte, devido à maior resistência do búfalo à intoxicação por essa planta. Outro fator responsável pelo menor número de mortes em búfalos pela intoxicação por plantas, na Amazônia, poderia ser que os búfalos preferem a várzea, que é o habitat de Arrabidaea bilabiata, a segunda planta tóxica mais importante da Amazônia, menos tóxica do que P. marcgravii, e com habitat na terra firme. Em áreas onde ocorre P. marcgravii seria mais prudente, para diminuir os prejuízos, criar búfalos em lugar de bovinos. A causa dessa maior resistência do búfalo merece ser investigada para a eventual elaboração de métodos profiláticos da intoxicação por P. marcgravii em bovinos. Por outro lado, pesquisadores australianos modificaram geneticamente a bactéria ruminal Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, mediante a introdução de um gene, isolado de Moraxella sp, que codifica uma dehalogenase, capaz de hidro-lizar fluoroacetato. A transferência de B.fibrisolvens geneticamente modificado para o rúmen de animais ingerindo plantas que contêm fluoroacetato, como é o caso de P. marcgravii, seria um método viável para o controle da intoxicação mediante a detoxificação ruminal do princípio ativo. Em contatos preliminares o diretor responsável do consórcio na Austrália responsável pela modificação da bactéria, declarou o interesse em vender a tecnologia ao nosso país, porém seria necessário saber se é possível importar essa bactéria geneticamente modificada no Brasil. Caso positivo, seria indispensável realizar pesquisas sobre a viabilidade e a metodologia para o uso dessa bactéria em nosso meio.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Duarte M.D., Peixoto P. V., Bezerra P. S., Oliveira K. D., Loretti A. P. & Tokarnia C.H. 2003. [Natural and experimental poisoning by amitraz in horses and donkey: Clinical aspects.) Intoxicações natural e experimental por amitraz em eqüídeos: aspectos clínicos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):105-118. Hospital Veterinário, Setor Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. RJ 23835-000, Brazil. E-mail: marcos @webcem.com.br Poisoning by amitraz was experimentally reproduced in 17 horses and a donkey. First symptoms were observed between 15 min. and 2 h 5 min. after oral administration, and between 6 h 28 min. and 8 h 38 min. after spraying with amitraz. The course of poisoning after oral administration was 4 to 9 days, and after spraying 5 to 6 days. Death of experimental animais occurred only after oral administration. One animal was euthanized after spraying. Doses of 5.5 mg/kg (1 administration), 5.8 mg/kg (2 administrations) and doses which varied between 7.2 and 36.4 mg/kg (5 administrations) were used when amitraz was given by mouth, ali causing symptoms of poisoning. When the administration of amitraz was by spraying, poisoning was reproduced with solutions of 0.1 and 0.2 %. Regarding the nervous system, the main signs observed were recumbency, somnolence, palpebral and auriculár ptosis, difficulties in apprehension, chewing and swallowing of food, dragging of the hooves, exposure of the penis, diminished or absent cutaneous sensibility, instability, abduction of the legs, lowering of the head, incoordination, jawning, labial flacity, exposure of the tongue, crossing of the legs when walking, diminished postural response after crossing or abducting the legs, diminished/absent reflex of the upper lip, palatal, tongue, flexor and swallowing reflex, diminished auricular, palpebral and menace reflex. The ambulatory response was diminished when tested by walking in circles of small radius. Regarding the digestive system, the signs were mainly intestinal hypomotility/atony, edema of the lips, abdominal distention, frequente lying down and standing up, rolling on the ground, looking at the flancs, groaning and impaction of the large bowel. Regarding the circulatory system, the main clinical signs were tachycardia, increase of the refilling time of capillaries, congested mucosa and splitting of the cardiac sounds. Regarding the respiratory system, stridor, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, nasal discharge, bradypnoea and abdominal respiration was observed. Beside these signs, there were alterations of the general condition, as apathy and hypothermia. Ali natural cases occurred after spraying with amitraz. First symptoms were seen 2 to 3 days after the application of amitraz. The course was 6, 7 and 17 days. One animal showed mainly the nervous signs as seen in the experiments, with exception of the signs of crossing the legs when walking, yawning and exposure of the penis. Another animal had only digestive symptoms as rolling, pawing, intestinal hypomotility/atony and impaction of the large bowel. A third animal initially showed digestive symptoms characterized by pawing, rolling, intestinal atony and impaction of the Iarge bowel, followed by laminitis; in the final stage this animal showed severe nervous signs as pressing the head against obstacles, incoordination with crossing the legs when walking and reluctance to move. Possible Iocation of lesions in the nervous system according to the clinical signs are suggested.

• Poisoning horses donkey amitraz Intoxicações eqüídeos amitraz.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Duarte M.D., Peixoto P. V., Bezerra P. S., Oliveira K. D., Loretti A. P. & Tokarnia C.H. 2003. [Natural and experimental poisoning by amitraz in horses and donkey: Clinical aspects.) Intoxicações natural e experimental por amitraz em eqüídeos: aspectos clínicos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):105-118. Hospital Veterinário, Setor Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. RJ 23835-000, Brazil. E-mail: marcos @webcem.com.br A administração oral e a aspersão com amitraz reproduziram experimentalmente em 17eqüinos e uin asinino um quadro de intoxicação muito similar a outro que vinha ocorrendo em cavalos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O início dos sintomas após a administração oral variou entre 15min. e 2h05min., na aplicação por aspersão variou entre 6h28min. e 8h38min. A evolução nos casos de administração oral foi de 4 a 9 dias, nos de aspersão de 5 a 6 dias. Somente morreram animais que receberam a administração oral. Um animal aspergido com o amitraz foi sacrificado. Por via oral foram usadas dosagens de 5,5 mg/kg (uma administração), 5,8 mg/kg (duas administrações) e num terceiro animal, doses que variaram entre 7,2 e 36,4 mg/kg (cinco administrações). Nas aplicações por aspersão, a intoxicação foi reproduzida com soluções nas concentrações de O, 1 e 0,2%. Com relação ao sistema nervoso, os principais sinais observados foram apatia, sonolência, ptoses palpebral e auricular, dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e· deglutição do alimento, arrastar das pinças dos cascos no solo, exposição do pênis, sensibilidade cutânea diminuída/ausente, instabilidade em estação, abdução dos membros, cabeça baixa, incoordenação, bocejos, flacidez labial, exposição da língua, cruzamento dos membros ao caminhar, resposta postural diminuída após cruzar e abduzir os membros, reflexos do lábio superior, palatal, lingual, de deglutição e flexor diminuídos/ausentes, reflexos auricular, palpebral e de ameaça diminuídos e resposta ambulatória diminuída ao teste de girar em círculo de pequeno raio. No que se refere ao sistema digestivo, foram evidenciados, principalmente, hipomotilidade/atonia intestinal, edema dos lábios, distensão abdominal, deitar e levantar com freqüência, rolar no solo, olhar para o flanco, gemer e impactação do intestino grosso. Observaram-se ainda taquicardia, aumento do tempo de preenchimento capilar e mucosas congestas, estridor, taquipnéia, dispnéia, secreção nasal, bradipnéia e respiração abdominal. Todos os três casos naturais ocorreram após aspersão do amitraz. Os primeiros sintomas foram observados 2 e 3 dias após o banho. A evolução foi de 6, 7 e 17 dias. Um animal manifestou a maioria dos sinais referentes ao sistema nervoso observados nos experimentos, com exceção dos sinais de cruzamento dos membros ao caminhar, bocejos, lábios flácidos e exposição do pênis. Outro animal, intoxicado espontaneamente, manifestou somente sintomas digestivos como rolar, "patear", hipomotilidade/atonia intestinal e impactação do intestino grosso. Um terceiro animal, inicialmente manifestou sintomas digestivos caracterizados por patear, rolar, atonia intestinal e impactação do intestino grosso, com consequente desenvolvimento de laminite; na fase final exibiu acentuada sintomatologia nervosa mostrando compressão da cabeça contra obstáculos, incoordenação motora com cruzamento dos membros ao caminhar e relutância em se movimentar. Baseados no quadro clínico observado, são sugeridos possíveis locais de lesão no sistema nervoso.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Viana J.H.M., Nascimento A.A., Pinheiro N.L., Ferreira A.M., Camargo L.S.A., Sá W.F. & Marques Júnior A.P. 2003. [Characterization of tissue damages after ovum pick-up in bovine.) Caracterização de seqüelas subseqüentes à punção folicular em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):119-124. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil. E-mail: jhmviana@cnpgl.embrapa.br The aim of this studywas to evaluate lesions of the genital tract in animais used as oocyte donors. Gir breed cows (n=20) used in different experiments involving the ovum pick-up technique were evaluated. At the end of each experimental period the animais were examined by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and vaginoscopy. A group of cows (n=8) were selected for histopathologic characterization of ovarian lesions. Ovaries were surgically removed, fixed and processed for histological examination. The cows evaluated underwent 9 to 42 puncture sessions, and yielded 10 to 719 oocytes. There was a low prevalence (5.26%) of inflammatory changes in the vagina mucosa. The occurrence of adherence was significantly correlated with the number of puncture sessions the animal underwent (r=0.31; P<0.05), but not with the total of oocytes collected (r=0.03; P>0.05). The opposite was observed reganding ovarian fibrosis, which showed a high correlation with oocyte yield (r=0.53; P<0.05). Histopathologic evaluation revealed scar tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration and presence of luteal tissue dispersed within the ovarian stroma.

• Adherence cattle fibrosis follicular ablation ovarian lesions Ablação folicular aderência fibrose lesões de ovário bovinos.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Viana J.H.M., Nascimento A.A., Pinheiro N.L., Ferreira A.M., Camargo L.S.A., Sá W.F. & Marques Júnior A.P. 2003. [Characterization of tissue damages after ovum pick-up in bovine.] Caracterização de seqüelas subseqüentes à punção folicular em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):119-124. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil. E-mail: jhmviana@cnpgl.embrapa.br Objetivaram-se avaliar lesões no trato genital em animais utilizados como doadores de oócitos. Foram examinadas vacas da raça Gir (n=20) que participaram de diferentes experimentos envolvendo a técnica de punção folicular. Ao término de cada período experimental, os animais foram examinados por palpação retal, ultra-sonografia e vagi-noscopia. Um grupo de vacas (n=8) foi selecionado para a caracterização histopatológica das lesões ovarianas. Os ovários foram retirados cirurgicamente, fixados e processados, e as lâminas obtidas coradas e analisadas. Fóram avaliados animais submetidos a entre nove e 42 sessões de punção, e que produziram entre 10 e 719 oócitos. Observou-se uma baixa prevalência (5,26%) de processos inflamatórios na mucosa do fundo de saco vaginal. A ocorrência de aderências apresentou uma correlação positiva com o número de sessões de punção a que o animal foi submetido (r=0,31; P<0,05), mas não com o total de oócitos recuperados (r=0,03; P>0,05). Tendência oposta foi observada em relação à fibrose ovariana, que apresentou uma alta correlação com o número de oócitos recuperados (r=0,53; P<0,05). A avaliação histopatológica demonstrou a presença de tecido cicatricial, infiltrados de células inflamatórias e presença de tecido luteal disperso no estroma ovariano.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Moya Borja G.E. 2003. [Eradication or integrated managment of neotropical myiases of the Americas?] Erradicação ou manejo integrado das miíases neotropicais das Américas? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):131-138. Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: gemoya@ufrrj.br The eradication of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, from USA, Central America and the North of Africa has been achieved by rearing and releasing sterile males. Why we do not decide to eradicate this insect from the southamerican countries too? ln this paper the scientific, ecological and economic reasons before taking such a courageous decision are discussed. The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, has not been eradicated from any country, because there is so far no technique available for mass production in artificial diets. Studies on dispersion, sexual behavior and aggregation sites of the adults in the field are also not known. Why the neotropical myiases will continue to be treated basically with chemicals, recommendations for insecticide resistance management and studies on alternative methods are discussed trying to apply in the future an ecologically based pest management of the screwworm and the human botfly.

• Screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax human botfly Dermatobia hominis myiases Bicheira berne Dermatobia hominis miíases.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Moya Borja G.E. 2003. [Eradication or integrated managment of neotropical myiases of the Americas?] Erradicação ou manejo integrado das miíases neotropicais das Américas? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):131-138. Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: gemoya@ufrrj.br A erradicação da bicheira, Cochliomyia hominivorax dos EUA, da América Central e do Norte da África tornou-se uma realidade criando e liberando machos estéreis. Por que nos não decidimos também erradicar este inseto da América do Sul? Antes de tomar uma atitude corajosa, nós discutiremos neste trabalho as razões científicas, ecológicas e econômicas. O berne, Dermatobia hominis não tem sido erradicado de nenhum pais, devido a que não dispomos de técnicas para sua criação massal em dietas artificiais. Estão faltando também estudos sobre a dispersão, comportamento sexual e sítios de agregação dos adultos no campo. Devido a que as miíases continuarão sendo controladas basicamente com inseticidas, recomendações para manejar a resistência aos inseticidas e estudos sobre métodos alternativos são discutidos visando um Manejo Integrado do berne e da bicheira com fundamentos ecológicos.