PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Spilki F.R., Silva A.D., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P., Winkelmann E., Franco A.C., Porciúncula J.A. & Roehe P.M. 2005. Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):54-58. Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor, Fepagro-Saúde Animal, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 107.4 tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (107,6 TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m2), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

• Bovine herpesvirus 1 BoHV-1 recombinant gE- vaccine.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Spilki F.R., Silva A.D., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P., Winkelmann E., Franco A.C., Porciúncula J.A. & Roehe P.M. 2005. Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):54-58. Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor, Fepagro-Saúde Animal, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 107.4 tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (107,6 TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m2), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

Abstract in English:

D'Ávila da Silva A., Sortica V.A., Braga A.C., Spilki F.R., Franco A.C., Esteves P.A., Rijsewijk F., Rosa J.C.A., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P. & Roehe P.M. 2005. [Antigenic and molecular characterization of eight samples of Aujeszky’s disease virus isolated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003.] Caracterização antigênica e molecular de oito amostras do virus da doença de Aujeszky isoladas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):21-24. Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fepagro Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Pseudorabies or Aujeszky’s disease (AD), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major concern in swine production. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, AD was only detected in 1954, in cattle. In 2003 two outbreaks of encephalitis occurred on the northern region of the state, close to the border with the state of Santa Catarina. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was isolated from distinct farms within the region and subjected to antigenic and genomic analyses. These isolates were compared with prototype strains NIA-3 and NP. Antigenic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to viral glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD and gE,) was performed by an imunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) on infected cell monolayers. Genomic characterization was carried out by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the whole DNA viral genome with Bam HI. The antigenic profile of the eight isolates from Rio Grande do Sul as well as strains NIA-3 and NP were similar. REA analysis revealed that all isolates from Rio Grande do Sul displayed a genomic type II arrangement, a genotype often found in other outbreaks of AD previously reported in other Brazilian states. The results obtained suggest that the eight isolates examined here were similar.

• Aujeszky's disease epidemiology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

D'Ávila da Silva A., Sortica V.A., Braga A.C., Spilki F.R., Franco A.C., Esteves P.A., Rijsewijk F., Rosa J.C.A., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P. & Roehe P.M. 2005. [Antigenic and molecular characterization of eight samples of Aujeszky’s disease virus isolated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003.] Caracterização antigênica e molecular de oito amostras do virus da doença de Aujeszky isoladas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):21-24. Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fepagro Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Pseudorabies or Aujeszky’s disease (AD), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major concern in swine production. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, AD was only detected in 1954, in cattle. In 2003 two outbreaks of encephalitis occurred on the northern region of the state, close to the border with the state of Santa Catarina. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was isolated from distinct farms within the region and subjected to antigenic and genomic analyses. These isolates were compared with prototype strains NIA-3 and NP. Antigenic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to viral glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD and gE,) was performed by an imunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) on infected cell monolayers. Genomic characterization was carried out by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the whole DNA viral genome with Bam HI. The antigenic profile of the eight isolates from Rio Grande do Sul as well as strains NIA-3 and NP were similar. REA analysis revealed that all isolates from Rio Grande do Sul displayed a genomic type II arrangement, a genotype often found in other outbreaks of AD previously reported in other Brazilian states. The results obtained suggest that the eight isolates examined here were similar.

Abstract in English:

Groff F.H.S., Merlo M.A., Stoll P.A., Stepan A.L., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2005. [Epidemiology and control of pseudorabies outbreaks in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2003.] Epidemiologia e controle dos focos da doença de Aujeszky no Rio Grande do Sul, em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):25-30. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universi-dade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br Aujeszky’s disease (AD) or pseudorabies is an important viral disease of swine and has significant economic impact on the pig industry worldwide. The infection produces direct and indirect economic losses, mainly due to restrictions to international trade of swine products. Since the beginning of the 20th century, AD had been notified in several Brazilian regions, yet the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) remained as a “provisionally free” area under the International Organization of Epizooties (OIE) guidelines. In 2003, two outbreaks were notified in swine herds located in northern RS, boundary with Santa Catarina, a state where the infection is endemic. Control/eradication measures consisted in tracing back all swine movements, quarantine and eradication of the affected herds by sanitary slaughter under official inspection. In outbreak # 1 (Pinheirinho do Vale, January/2003) six herds were affected, one of which presented animals with clinical signs. Starting from this outbreak, 146 herds and 42.399 pigs were traced back, six herds (7.822 animals) being depopulated – the herd where the index outbreak plus five other herds with positive serology. The outbreak # 2 (Aratiba, September/2003) resulted in a wider spread of the infection, involving another three counties and 77 herds (9 with clinical signs, 68 with positive serology). From the index case, 109.316 pigs in 630 herds were traced back; 28.443 animals from positive herds were slaughtered. Total numbers reached 151.715 traced back animals in 776 herds; 71 herds were found serologically positive. The adopted measures were efficient to eliminate the outbreaks and to stop the disease spread to neighboring areas, reestablishing the sanitary status previous to the outbreaks.

• Aujeszky’s disease pseudorabies ADV PRV epidemiology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Groff F.H.S., Merlo M.A., Stoll P.A., Stepan A.L., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2005. [Epidemiology and control of pseudorabies outbreaks in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2003.] Epidemiologia e controle dos focos da doença de Aujeszky no Rio Grande do Sul, em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):25-30. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universi-dade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br Aujeszky’s disease (AD) or pseudorabies is an important viral disease of swine and has significant economic impact on the pig industry worldwide. The infection produces direct and indirect economic losses, mainly due to restrictions to international trade of swine products. Since the beginning of the 20th century, AD had been notified in several Brazilian regions, yet the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) remained as a “provisionally free” area under the International Organization of Epizooties (OIE) guidelines. In 2003, two outbreaks were notified in swine herds located in northern RS, boundary with Santa Catarina, a state where the infection is endemic. Control/eradication measures consisted in tracing back all swine movements, quarantine and eradication of the affected herds by sanitary slaughter under official inspection. In outbreak # 1 (Pinheirinho do Vale, January/2003) six herds were affected, one of which presented animals with clinical signs. Starting from this outbreak, 146 herds and 42.399 pigs were traced back, six herds (7.822 animals) being depopulated – the herd where the index outbreak plus five other herds with positive serology. The outbreak # 2 (Aratiba, September/2003) resulted in a wider spread of the infection, involving another three counties and 77 herds (9 with clinical signs, 68 with positive serology). From the index case, 109.316 pigs in 630 herds were traced back; 28.443 animals from positive herds were slaughtered. Total numbers reached 151.715 traced back animals in 776 herds; 71 herds were found serologically positive. The adopted measures were efficient to eliminate the outbreaks and to stop the disease spread to neighboring areas, reestablishing the sanitary status previous to the outbreaks.

Abstract in English:

Portiansky E.L., Quiroga M.A., Machuca M.A. & Perfumo C.J. 2004. Mycoplasma suis in naturally infected pigs: an ultrastructural and morphometric study. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):1-5. Instituto de Patología, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, C.C. 296, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: elporti@fcv.unlp.edu.ar Swine eperythrozoonosis is a haemotrophic disease caused by Eperythrozoon suis, actually called Mycoplasma suis, an extracellular bacterial organism that apparently adheres to pig erythrocyte membrane, inducing its deformation and damage. Since little is known about the ultrastructural and morphometrical aspects of this microorganism, the present work aimed to deal with these issues. The ultrastructural study revealed the presence of structures corresponding to tubules disseminated throughout the soma of M. suis. A variable separation between the microorganism membrane and that of the erythrocyte was also observed. The structural and positional attitude of M. suis could allow speculation about its mechanism of action.

• Eperythrozoonosis Mycoplasma suis ultrastructure morphometry pathogenesis.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Portiansky E.L., Quiroga M.A., Machuca M.A. & Perfumo C.J. 2004. Mycoplasma suis in naturally infected pigs: an ultrastructural and morphometric study. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):1-5. Instituto de Patología, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, C.C. 296, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: elporti@fcv.unlp.edu.ar Swine eperythrozoonosis is a haemotrophic disease caused by Eperythrozoon suis, actually called Mycoplasma suis, an extracellular bacterial organism that apparently adheres to pig erythrocyte membrane, inducing its deformation and damage. Since little is known about the ultrastructural and morphometrical aspects of this microorganism, the present work aimed to deal with these issues. The ultrastructural study revealed the presence of structures corresponding to tubules disseminated throughout the soma of M. suis. A variable separation between the microorganism membrane and that of the erythrocyte was also observed. The structural and positional attitude of M. suis could allow speculation about its mechanism of action.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Fighera R.A., Rozza D.B., Piazer J.V., Copetti M.V., lrigoyen L.F. & Barros C.S.L. 2003. [Interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas).] Pneumonia intersticial em bovinos associada à ingestão de batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):161-166. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of respiratory disease were diagnosed in five out of 23 cattle (21. 7%) after they wete fed moldy damaged sweet potatoes (lpomoea batatas) on a small farm in the county of São Vicente do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Of those five cattle, three died spontaneously and another one was euthanatized for necropsy while showing advanced respiratory clinicai signs. The disease manifested itself approximately 24 hours after the ingestion of the sweet potatoes and lasted from 1 to 4 days. Clinicai signs included dyspnea (labored breathing and abdominal respiration), tachypnea, extended neck with Iow carriage of the head and rhythmical flaring of the nostrils. Two cows were necropsied. Necropsy findings included distended pale and rubbery lungs which failed to collapse when the thorax was open, and marked pulmonar interstitial emphysema and edema. Lymphoid hyperplasia was observed in the hilar nodes and spleen. Histologically, the lesions were those of interstitial pneumonia. Alveolar septa were thickened by fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and there was hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type li pneumocytes; the interlobular septa were distended by edema and emphysema. The culture of the moldy sweet potatoes yielded Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum.

• Toxic diseases mycotoxicoses respiratory diseases interstitial pneumonia diseases of cattle sweet potatoes lpomoea batatas Intoxicações micotoxicoses doenças respiratórias pneumonia intersticial doenças de bovinos batata-doce.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Fighera R.A., Rozza D.B., Piazer J.V., Copetti M.V., lrigoyen L.F. & Barros C.S.L. 2003. [Interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas).] Pneumonia intersticial em bovinos associada à ingestão de batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):161-166. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Uma doença respiratória foi diagnosticada em cinco dentre 23 bovinos (21, 7%) após terem sido alimentados com batata-doce (lpomoea batatas) mofada em uma pequena propriedade rural em São Vicente do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Três dos cinco bovinos afetados morreram espontaneamente, e o quarto foi sacrificado para necropsia quando mostrava sinais clínicos respiratórios avançados. A manifestação clínica iniciara cerca de 24 horas após a ingestão das batatasdoces e a evolução clínica foi de 1 a 4 dias. Os sinais clínicos incluíam dispnéia (respiração laboriosa e abdominal), taquipnéia, pescoço estendido com cabeça baixa e dilatação ritmada das narinas. Dois bovinos foram necropsiados. Os achados de necropsia incluíam pulmões distendidos, pálidos e de consistência borrachenta, que não colapsavam quando o tórax era aberto; enfisema e edema acentuados eram evidentes no pulmão. Os linfonodos e o baço apresentavam alterações características de hiperplasia linfóide. Histologicamente, as lesões eram típicas de pneumonia intersticial. Os septos alveolares estavam espessados por fibroblastos e células inflamatórias, havia hipertrofia e hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II; os septos interlobulares estavam distendidos por edema e enfisema. A cultura de amostras das batatas-doces mofadas produziu Fusarium solani e F. oxysporum.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Loretti A. P., Ilha M. R. S., Riet-Correa G., Driemeier D., Colodel E. M. & Barros C. S. L. 2002. [Pituitary abscess syndrome in calves following injury of the nasal septum by a plastic device used to prevent suckling.] Síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bezerros associada ao uso de tabuleta nasal para desmame interrompido. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):39-46. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105- 900, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.corn.br Outbreaks and sporadic cases of the pituitary abscess syndrome are described in calves in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The disease occurred in eight beef cattle farms in the rnunicipalities of Cachoeira do Sul, Lavras do Sul, Bagé, Osório and Vila Nova do Sul, from 1998 to 2002. Thirty-five (1.4%) out of 2,438 calves with 3-12 rnonths of age were affected and 24 (0.98%) died. A nasal plastic device to prevent suckling had been used in all the affected calves. Clinicai signs consisted of nasal discharge, depression, hypertherrnia, ataxia, circling, head tilt and hyperrnetria, exophtalrnos, dysphagia, partial mandibular paralysis, prolapse of the tangue, difficulty in chewing, drooling and in some cases blindness accompanied or not by aqueous flare, prolapse of the ocular globe and corneal opacity. ln the terminal stages of the disease, there was lateral recumbency, opisthotonus and coma. The main necropsy findings included single large hypophyseal or para-hypophyseal abscesses. Those space-occupying lesions dorsally compressed the brain stem and the cranial nerves adjacent to the hypophysis. In sorne cases, there was also osteornyelitis of the basisphenoid bone, single or rnultiple brain abscesses and leptomeningitis affecting the ventral surface of the brain stern and cervical spinal cord. In a few cases, necrotizing or abscedative rhinitis associated with nose device injury was observed. Histologically, those abscesses consisted mainly of neutrophils adrnixed with cellular debris surrounded by numerous mononuclear cells anda fibrous capsule. Fibrino-suppurative rneningitis affecting the leptorneninges of the cerebellum, brain stem and cervical spinal cord was also observed. In some cases, purulent inflammation extended into the hypophyseal parenchyma. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes was isolated from the abscesses. The diagnosis of pituitary abscess syndrome was based on epidemiological data, clinicai signs, necropsy findings, histological alterations and bacterial cultures.

• Abscess pituitary rete mirabile nose device diseases of cattle pathology central nervous system Abscesso pituitária tabuleta nasal doenças de bovinos patologia sistema nervoso central.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Loretti A. P., Ilha M. R. S., Riet-Correa G., Driemeier D., Colodel E. M. & Barros C. S. L. 2002. [Pituitary abscess syndrome in calves following injury of the nasal septum by a plastic device used to prevent suckling.] Síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bezerros associada ao uso de tabuleta nasal para desmame interrompido. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):39-46. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105- 900, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.corn.br Descrevem-se surtos e casos esporádicos de síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença ocorreu em 8 propriedades de gado de corte, nos municípios de Cachoeira do Sul, Lavras do Sul, Bagé, Osório e Vila Nova do Sul, no período de 1998 a 2002. De um total de 2.438 bezerros submetidos ao desmame interrompido com o uso da tabuleta nasal, aproximadamente 35 (1,4%) animais adoeceram e 24 (0,98%) morreram. A idade dos bezerros afetados variava entre 3 e 12 meses. Os animais doentes apresentavam corrimento nasal, depressão, febre, incoordenação motora, andar em círculos, desvio lateral da cabeça, hipermetria, exoftalmia, disfagia, mandíbula caída, protusão lingual, dificuldade de mastigação e sialorréia. Em alguns casos, observou-se também cegueira, acompanhada ou não de turvação dos humores do globo ocular, exoftalmia e opacidade da córnea. Nas fases terminais, ocorriam decúbito lateral, convulsões, nistagmo, opistótono, coma e morte. Os principais achados de necropsia consistiam em abscessos únicos pituitários ou parapituitários que comprimiam dorsalniente o tronco encefálico e nervos cranianos próximos à pituitária. Em alguns casos, havia osteomielite envolvendo o osso baso-esfenóide com a formação de abscessos na substância encefálica, leptomeningite na superfície ventral do encéfalo e medula espinhal cervical e rinite necrosante ou abscedativa associada às lesões traumáticas provocadas pela colocação da tabuleta nasal. Histologicamente, os abscessos correspondiam a grandes agregados de neutrófilos e restos celulares circundados por células mononucleares e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo. Meningite fibrinopurulenta nas leptomeninges do cerebelo, tronco encefálico e medula espinhal cervical também foi observada. Em alguns casos, a inflamação purulenta se estendia para o parênquima da pituitária. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes foi isolado dos abscessos. O diagnóstico de síndrome do abscesso pituitário foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, achados macroscópicos, histológicos e microbiológicos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Loretti A.P., Gimeno E.J., Traverso S.D., Seitz A.L. & Zlotowski P. 2002. [Clinical and pathological aspects of Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats in Rio Grande do Sul.] Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):51-57. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. This report includes the clinical and pathological studies of a lysosomal storage disease which spontaneously occurred in three flocs of goats e after consumption of Sida carpinifolia, the predominant plant in the paddocks where the animals were grazing. In the outbreaks a total of 25 out of 51 animals were affected. Post-mortem examination was performed on 11 goats. The disease was experimentally induced by dosing goats with Sida carpinifolia. The plant was administered in natura or dried to 3 animals. No clinical or pathological changes were observed in one goat dosed with Sida rhombifolia ad libidum during 40 days. Clinical signs of the poisoning were ataxia, hypermetria, muscle tremors in the head and neck and disorders of deglutition. The clinical signs were exacerbated by movement. After the surviving animals had been moved to other pastures and stopped eating the plant, clinical signs were still observed during 24 months. At necropsy, no significant gross lesions were observed. Microscopic lesions included various degrees of vacuolization in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. Similar lesions were observed in the acinar pancreatic cells, hepatocytes, proximal convoluted tubular cells, follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and macrophages oflymph nodes. In the surviving animals, mild neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization was observed, and few cells were eosinophilic and shrunken. In these cases neurons, especially Purkinje cells, had disappeared. Through the histochemical study of the cerebellar sections, the lysosomal storage disease was characterized as an alpha-mannosidosis. The vacuoles within the Purkinje cells strongly reacted with lectins of Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris and succinylated Triticum vulgaris. The pattern observed in this investigation is similar to those seen in other poisonings by swainsonine-containing plants.

• Sida carpinifolia Malvaceae lysosomal storage disease a-mannosidosis goats lectins doença de armazenamento lisossomal a-manosidose caprinos lectinas.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Loretti A.P., Gimeno E.J., Traverso S.D., Seitz A.L. & Zlotowski P. 2002. [Clinical and pathological aspects of Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats in Rio Grande do Sul.] Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):51-57. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Este trabalho inclui os estudos clínicos e patológicos da doença de armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo espontâneo de Sida carpinifolia. A enfermidade foi observada em três rebanhos, que juntos eram compostos por 51 caprinos, dos quais, 25 foram afetados e 11 necropsiados. Nos três surtos, S. carpinifolia era a vegetação predominante nos piquetes ocupados pelos animais. Clinicamente, a doença caracterizou-se por distúrbios neurológicos que consistiam de ataxia, hipermetria, posturas anormais, tremores musculares afetando principalmente as regiões da cabeça e pescoço, dificuldade para ingestão de alimentos e quedas freqüentes. Estes sinais clínicos eram exacerbados pela movimentação. Em alguns animais, embora com um quadro clínico estabilizado, as alterações neurológicas persistiram durante 24 meses após sua retirada dos piquetes infestados por S. carpinifolia. A doença foi reproduzida administrando-se S. carpinifolia, in natura ou seca à sombra, para 3 caprinos. Um caprino recebeu Sida rhombifolia, ad libidum, por 40 dias e não desenvolveu alterações clínicas ou patológicas. Na necropsia não havia alterações. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações foram distensão e vacuolização citoplasmáticas em neurônios e, em menor intensidade, em células da glia do sistema nervoso central. Alterações similares foram observadas em células acinares pancreáticas, hepatócitos, células tubulares renais, células foliculares epiteliais da tireóide e macrófagos de órgãos linfóides. Nos animais que não mais ingeriam S. carpinifolia por períodos de um mês ou mais, observou-se uma diminuição da vacuolização citoplasmática de neurônios, que apresentavam citoplasma eosinofilico e aspecto enrugado. Nestes casos, notou-se também desaparecimento neuronal especialmente em células de Purkinje e gliose local. Em cortes cerebelares, esta doença de armazenamento foi caracterizada como ?-manosidose pelo estudo histoquímico por lectinas. Os vacúolos nas células de Purkinje reagiram fortemente com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris e Triticum vulgaris succinilado. O padrão obtido neste estudo é similar ao encontrado em intoxicação por plantas que apresentam swainsoniana como princípio tóxico.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Fighera R.A., Souza T.M., Langohr I. & Barros C.S.L. 2002. [Experimental onion Allium cepa (Liliaceae) poisoning in cats.] Intoxicação experimental por cebola, Allium cepa (Liliaceae), em gatos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):79-84. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Email: anemiaveterinaria@bol.com.br Onion poisoning is reported worlwide in several animal species. The toxic principie (npropyl dissulfide) present in onions causes the transformation of hemoglobin in methemoglobin. In order to study the laboratory, gross and histopathological tindings in onion poisoning in cats, tive 4-month-old cats were fed a single dose of 10g/kg of dried-onion each. Another cat of the sarne age did not receive the onion meal and served as control. AII tive cats developed clinical signs of the toxicosis; one of them died within 24 hours of the ingestion of the onion meal. Clinical signs included apathy, tachycardia, tachypnea, and cyanosis. Laboratory tindings included hemolytic anemia associated with Heinz bodies and methemoglobinemia. Main necropsy tindings were splenomegaly and brown discoloration of blood. Histopathological tindings included splenic and hepatic hemosiderosis and multifocal extramedullary hematopoiesis.

• Poisonous plants Allium cepa onion hemolytic anemia methemoglobinemia Heinz bodies diseases of cats pathology Intoxicação por plantas cebola anemia hemolítica metemoglobinemia corpúsculos de Heinz doenças de gatos patologia.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Fighera R.A., Souza T.M., Langohr I. & Barros C.S.L. 2002. [Experimental onion Allium cepa (Liliaceae) poisoning in cats.] Intoxicação experimental por cebola, Allium cepa (Liliaceae), em gatos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):79-84. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Email: anemiaveterinaria@bol.com.br A intoxicação por cebola é relatada em várias espécies animais em muitas partes do mundo. O princípio tóxico (n propil dissulfito) presente na cebola causa a transformação da hemoglobina em metemoglobina. Para estudar os achados laboratoriais, de necropsia e histopatológicos da intoxicação por cebola em gatos, cinco gatos de quatro meses de idade receberam cada um uma dose única de 10g/kg de cebola desidratada por via oral. Um outro gato de mesma idade não recebeu a refeição com cebola e serviu como controle. Todos os cinco gatos desenvolveram sinais clínicos da toxicose; um deles morreu dentro de 24 horas após a ingestão da cebola. Os sinais clínicos incluíram apatia, taquicardia, taquipnéia e cianose. Os achados laboratoriais se caracterizavam por anemia hemolítica associada a corpúsculos de Heinz e metemoglobinemia. Os principais achados de necropsia foram esplenomegalia e sangue de cor marrom. Os achados histopatológicos foram hemossiderose e hematopoese extramedular no baço e fígado.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Stigger A.L., Barros C.S.L., Langohr I.M. & Barros S.S. 2001. [Experimental poisoning by Ateleia glazioviana (Leg.Papilibnoideae) in sheep] Intoxicação experimental por Ateleia glazioviarya (Leg.Papilionoideae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):98-108. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: cslb@sm.conex.com.br The leaves of Ateleia glazioviana were fed daily to seven sheep. Another sheep was used as côil(rol,. Total amounts (g/kg/body weight) o(;the plant consumed by each animal were 75 during 60 days (Sheep 6), 125 during-25 days (Sheep 4), 13,0 during 13 days (Sheep 7), 150 during 60 days (Sheep 5), 180 during 18 days (Sheep 3), 330 during 33 days (Sheep 2), and 375 during 25 days (Sheep 1 ). Six sheep were fed the green leaves while Sheep 7 was fed dried A. glazioviana leaves. Five sheep (Sheep 1-4 and 7) developed clinical signs 8 to 16, days after the first administration of the plant. The clinical course varied from 6 to 50 days and clinical signs included apathy, loss of appetite, and increased heart and respiratory rates; affected sheep were ·reluctant to move and showed a low carriage of the head, instability of the hind limbs, and staggering gait. Some sheep supported their weight against the wall of the stable. Sheep 1, 3, and 4 died spontaneously; paddling movements preceded death. Sheep 2 and 7 were euthanatized when presenting marked clinical signs of the toxicosis. Sheep 5 and 6 did not get clinically ill and were euthanatized along with the control sheep 103 days after the first administration of the plant. All sheep were necropsied and several of their organs, including heart and brain, were evaluated histologically. Additionally, fragments of the myocardium of Sheep 3 and 4 were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. To provide more controls for the myocardial changes, the hearts were collected from six animals at an abattoir known to slaughter sheep from regions free of A. glazioviana. These hearts were processed for histology and examined in the same way as the other eight. All seven treated (plant fed) sheep had gross changes at necropsy. There were firm, irregular white or yellow areas in the myocardium of all treated sheep. These pale areas were more evident on the cut surface of the heart. Hydrothorax and/or hydropericardium were observed in five animals (Sheep 1-4 and 7). Nutmeg livers were seen in Sheep 1 and 7. This latter sheep also had ascites. The main histopathological findings in treated sheep were degenerative/necrotic changes in the myocardium. The early changes consisted of acute swollen myocardial fibers associated with bizarre nuclei. Apparently this change progressed until the sarcoplasm disappeared and an empty collapsed sarcolemmal tube remained surrounded by interstitial connective tissue and fibrosis. Overt necrosis (hyaline and floccular) associated with mono nuclear infiltration and phagocytosis of fiber fragments were also observed. Varying degrees of spongy degeneration were seen in the white matter of the brain of Sheep 1, 3, 4 and 7. Mitochondrial swelling and loss of density of the mitochondrial matrix were the earliest ultrastructural changes observed. In advanced lesions cardiac cells had vacuoles in the sarcoplasm, rupture of the sarcolemma and necrosis with intervening macrophages and fibroblasts associated with increased collagen.

• Poisonous plants Ateleia glazioviana diseases of sheep myocardial necrosis myocardial fibrosis toxic cardiomyopathy status spongiosus Plantas tóxicas doenças de ovinos necrose do miocárdio fibrose tio miocárdio cardiomiopatia tóxica.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Stigger A.L., Barros C.S.L., Langohr I.M. & Barros S.S. 2001. [Experimental poisoning by Ateleia glazioviana (Leg.Papilibnoideae) in sheep] Intoxicação experimental por Ateleia glazioviarya (Leg.Papilionoideae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):98-108. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: cslb@sm.conex.com.br Sete ovelhas receberam as folhas de Ateleia glazioviana em doses predeterminadas. Um outro ovino serviu de controle. As quantidades totais (g/kg/peso corporal) de planta consumidas pelos ovinos foram 75 por 60 dias (Ovino 6), 125 por 25 dias (Ovino 4), 130 por 13 dias (Ovino 7), 150 por 60 dias (Ovino 5), 180 por 18 dias (Ovino 3), 330 por 33 dias (Ovino 2) e 375 por 25 dias (Ovino 1). Seis ovinos recéberam folhas verdes e o Ovino 7 recebeu folhas dessecadas. Cinco ovinos (Ovinos 1-4 e 7) desenvolveram sinais clínicos. 8 a 16 dias após a primeira administração da planta. A evolução do quadro clínico foi de 6 a 50 dias e os sinais clínicos. incluíram apatia, perda do apetite, taquicardia e taquipnéia. Os ovinos afetados apresentavam relutância em mover-se, cabeça baixa, instabilidade dos membros pélvicos e andar cambaleante. Alguns dos ovinos afetados apoiavam o corpo contra a parede da baia. Os Ovinos 1, 3 e 4 morreram espontaneamente; movimentos de pedalagem precederam a morte. Os Ovinos 2 e 7 foram submetidos à eutanásia com sinais clínicos avançados da toxicose. Os Ovinos 5 e 6 não adoeceram e foram sacrificados junto com o controle 103 dias após a primeira administração da planta. Todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e vários órgãos, incluindo coração e encéfalo, foram avaliados histologicamente. Além disso, fragmentos de miocárdio dos Ovinos 3 e 4 foram avaliados por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A fim de se obter mais controles para a avaliação das lesões do miocárdio, coletaram-se os corações de seis ovinos abatidos para consumo em um abatedouro que sabidamente recebe ovinos originários de uma região livre de A. glazioviana. Esses corações foram processados para histologia e examinados da mesma maneira que os outros oito. Todos os ovinos tratados (que receberam a planta) apresentaram lesões macroscópicas. Havia áreas firmes, irregulares, branco-amareladas no miocárdio de todos os ovinos tratados. Essas áreas pálidas eram mais bem vistas na superfície de corte do coração. Hidrotórax e/ou hidropericárdio foram observados em cinco animais (Ovinos 1-4 e 7). O fígado dos Ovinos 1 e 7 tinha aspecto de nozmoscada. O Ovino 7 apresentava ascite. Os principais achados histopatológicos nos ovinos tratados foram alterações degenerativas/necróticas no miocárdio. As alterações iniciais consistiam de tumefação aguda das fibras cardíacas, associada a núcleos com formas bizarras. Essa alteração aparentemente progredia até o desaparecimento do sarcoplasma, resultando num tubo sarcolemal vazio e colapsado envolto por tecido conjuntivo intersticial e fibrose. Necrose franca (hialina e flocular) associada à infiltração mononuclear e fagocitose de fragmentos de fibras foi também observada. Graus variáveis de degeneração esponjosa foram observados na substância branca do encéfalo dos Ovinos 1, 3, 4 e 7. Tumefação de mitocôndrias e perda da densidade da matriz das mitocôndrias foram as alterações ultra-estruturais mais precoces. Em lesões avançadas os cardiomiócitos apresentavam vacúolos no sarcoplasma, ruptura do sarcolema e necrose com aparecimento de macrófagos e fibroblastos associados a aumento de colágeno.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ilha M.R.S., Loretti A.P., Barros S.S., Barros C.S.L. 2001. [Spontaneous poisoning in sheep by Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) in southern Brazil] Intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):123-138. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: ilha76@mailcity.com An outbreak of spontaneous Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in grazing sheep in the county of Mata, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, is described. The disease occurred on one farm in middlejanuary 1997. Fifty-one (54.25%) out of 94 sheep were affected, and 50 animals (53.2%) died. This flock of sheep had been grazing for approximately 7 months (from June 1996 to January 1997) in paddocks heavily infested with S. brasiliensis. Clinical signs included photodermatitis, progressive emaciation, apathy, weakness, neurological signs such as drownsiness, aimless walking and unsteady gait, jaundice and hemoglobinuria. There was amelioration of the skin lesions in those sheep that developed hepatogenous photosensitization. Main necropsy findings in 9 sheep included small, firm, tan or greenish liver with few to numerous small, yellowish, well-circumscribed nodules measuring up to 3 mm in diameter and randomly scattered throughout the hepatic parenchyma. There was also marked distension of the gallbladder which contained large amounts of inspissated, dark green bile and straw-colored cavitary effusions (hydropericardium and ascitis). Five sheep developed lethal acute hemolytic crisis, secondary to massive release into the blood stream of copper accumulated in the liver (hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning). Apart from the aforementioned liver lesions, other gross findings in those animals included severe and diffuse jaundice, dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria) and swollen, friable, finely stippled or diffusely dark kidneys. The main histopathological findings included hepatomegalocytosis, biliary ductal proliferation (bile duct hyperplasia) and moderate periportal fibrosis. The portal triads were infiltrated with variable numbers of mononuclear cells. There was heavy accumulation of brownish pigment in macrophages identified as ceroid or copper with PAS and rhodanine stainings, respectively. Those ceroid and copper-laden macrophages were scattered on the remnant hepatic parenchyma or formed small aggregates in the portal triads. Main histopathological findings in the kidneys of 5 sheep, that developed fatal hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning, included tubular nephrosis, accumulation of hemoglobin and hemosiderin in epithelial tubular cells and hemoglobin casts (hemoglobinuric nephrosis). Morphological evidence of hepatic encephalopathy included spongy degeneration (status spongiosus) of the cerebral white matter. Ultrastructural changes in the tiver of affected sheep included degenerative hepatocellular changes of varying severity. There was accumulation of numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and lysosomes containing substances of high electron-density that corresponded to ceroid-lipofuscin in most of the cases. In addition, there was mild swelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and moderate hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in some areas of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells showed intracellular edema anda variety of mitochondrial degenerative changes. These included disarrangement and breakup of cristae, finely granular matrix, accumulation of lipid globules and rupture of the membranes in a few cases. Many epithelial tubular cells displayed substances of high electron-densitywithin lysosomes. Chemical analysis of copper in tiver and kidney samples of affected sheep revealed high concentrations varying from 369 ppm to 1248 ppm in the tiver and ranging from 152 ppm to 687 ppm in the kidneys (dry matter). The diagnosis of Senecio brasiliensis poisoning was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histological lesions and laboratory data.

• Senecio brasiliensis Asteraceae diseases of sheep poisonous plants copper toxicosis pathology doenças de ovinos plantas tóxicas intoxicação por cobre patologia

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Ilha M.R.S., Loretti A.P., Barros S.S., Barros C.S.L. 2001. [Spontaneous poisoning in sheep by Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) in southern Brazil] Intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira21(3):123-138. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: ilha76@mailcity.com Descreve-se a ocorrência de um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis em ovinos em um estabelecimento do município de Mata, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em meados de janeiro de 1997. De um total de 94 ovinos, 51 (54,25%) animais adoeceram e 50 (53,2%) morreram. Esse rebanho permaneceu durante aproximadamente 7 meses (de junho de 1996 a janeiro de 1997) em piquetes de pastagem nativa onde havia grande quantidade de S. brasiliensis. O quadro clínico manifestado pelos animais afetados consistia em fotossensibilização, emagrecimento progressivo, apatia, fraqueza, perturbações neurológicas como depressão, andar a esmo e desequilibrado, icterícia e hemoglobinúria. Houve melhora das lesões de pele naqueles ovinos que desenvolveram fotossensibilização hepatógena depois que foram retirados do sol. As principais lesões macroscópicas observadas em 9 dos 10 ovinos necropsiados incluíam fígado diminuído de tamanho, firme, difusamente marrom amarelado ou esverdeado, com quantidades variáveis de nódulos de 1-3 mm de diâmetro, bem circunscritos, salientes na cápsula, amarelados, distribuídos aleatoriamente por todo o parênquima. A vesícula biliar estava repleta e preenchida por bile verde escura e espessa. Havia também derrames cavitários (hidropericárdio e ascite). Crise hemolítica aguda fatal associada à intoxicação crônica hepatógena por cobre foi observada em cinco ovinos. Além das lesões hepáticas macroscópicas já mencionadas, foi observada icterícia generalizada da carcaça, rins tumefeitos, friáveis, difusamente escurecidos ou com fino pontilhado enegrecido; a urina era marrom escura (hemoglobinúria). As principais lesões microscópicas foram observadas no fígado e consistiam em hepatomegalocitose, proliferação de duetos biliares (hiperplasia ductal) e fibrose periportal moderada acompanhada de infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. Macrófagos carregados de pigmento acastanhado formavam aglomerados nas tríades portais ou estavam dispersos entre os hepatócitos remanescentes. O material armazenado no citoplasma desses macrófagos correspondia a ceróide e cobre, positivo nas técnicas de PAS e rodanina, respectivamente. Nos rins de cinco animais, havia nefrose hemoglobinúrica caracterizada por degeneração e necrose do epitélio tubular, presença de hemoglobina e hemossiderina no citoplasma das células epiteliais dos túbulos contorcidos e cilindros de hemoglobina na luz tubular. Evidência morfológica de encefalopatia hepática incluía degeneração esponjosa (status spongiosus) da substância branca do encéfalo. Achados ultra-estruturais no fígado incluíam graus variáveis de degeneração hepatocelular caracterizada pelo acúmulo de numerosas gotas lipídicas no citoplasma das células hepáticas e presença de lisossomos carregados de material eletrodenso que, na maioria dos casos, correspondia à lipofuscina-ceróide. Adicionalmente, havia discreta dilatação do retículo endoplasmático rugoso e moderada hiperplasia do retículo endoplasmático liso em algumas regiões do citoplasma dos hepatócitos. No epitélio dos túbulos contorcidos proximais do rim foi observado edema intracelular e diversas alterações mitocondriais de caráter degenerativo que incluíam tumefação, desorganização e ruptura das cristas, matriz finamente granular, acúmulo de gotículas de gordura e ruptura das membranas em alguns casos. Lisossomos contendo material fortemente eletrodenso foram observados em muitas células tubulares renais. O exame laboratorial de fragmentos de fígado e rim dos ovinos afetados revelou níveis elevados de cobre que variaram respectivamente de 369 ppm a 1248 ppm e 152 ppm a 687 ppm com base na matéria seca. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Senecio brasiliensis baseou-se em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, de necropsia, histopatológicos e laboratoriais.