PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Faleiros R.R., Macoris D.G., Saquetti C.H.C., Aita A.C., Farias A., Malheiros E.B. & Sampaio I.B.M. 2011. Peritoneal fluid changes in horses subjected to small colon distension. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(5):367-373. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br Intestinal devitalization in cases of small colon obstruction may be difficult to detect based only in clinical signs. The purpose was to serially evaluate blood and peritoneal fluid of horses subjected to small colon distension. Seventeen adult horses were allotted in three groups. In the small colon-distended group (DG, n=7) a surgically-implanted latex balloon was inflated to promote intraluminal small colon distension. In the sham-operated group (SG, n=5), the balloon was implanted but not inflated, and no surgery was done in the control group (CG, n=5). Blood and peritoneal fluid were sampled before and after (6 samples with a 30-minute interval) intestinal obstruction for cytological and biochemical analyses. No significant changes in clinical signs occurred within groups or across time during the experimental period. There were no statistical differences among SG and SG groups in hematologic and blood chemistry variables. Although total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in peritoneal fluid remained most of the time within reference values during the experimental period in all groups, increases from baseline values were detected in SG and DG groups. Such increases occurred earlier, progressively and with greater magnitude in the DG when compared with the SG (P<0.05). Increases from baselines values were also observed in total nucleated cells and neutrophils counts in the DG (P<0.05). In conclusion, distension of the equine small colon induced progressive subtle increases in total protein and LDH concentrations in the peritoneal fluid during the first hours. Serial evaluation of these variables in peritoneal fluid may be useful for early detection of intestinal devitalization in clinical cases of equine small colon obstruction.

• Peritoneal fluid colon small colon distension líquido peritoneal c´lon menor distensão do cólon menor

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Faleiros R.R., Macoris D.G., Saquetti C.H.C., Aita A.C., Farias A., Malheiros E.B. & Sampaio I.B.M. 2011. Peritoneal fluid changes in horses subjected to small colon distension. [Alterações no líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos a distensão do cólon menor.]Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(5):367-373. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br [Alterações no líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos a distensão do cólon menor] A desvitalização do cólon menor em equinos pode ser difícil de ser detectada baseando-se apenas em sinais clínicos. O objetivo foi realizar uma avaliação seriada do líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos à distensão do cólon menor. Dezessete cavalos adultos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. No grupo distendido (DG, n=7) um balão implantado cirurgicamente foi inflado para promover distensão do cólon menor. No grupo instrumentado (SG, n=5) o balão foi implantado, mas sem promover distensão e no grupo controle (CG, n=5) não houve anestesia ou cirurgia. Sangue e fluido peritoneal foram colhidos antes e durante 180 minutos após a cirurgia para análises citológicas e bioquímicas. Nenhuma interação significativa ocorreu entre grupos e tempos nas variáveis clínicas e hematológicas. Apesar dos valores de proteínas totais e da atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) permanecerem dentro da normalidade durante quase todo o experimento, aumentos em relação aos valores basais ocorreram nos grupos SG e DG. Contudo, tais aumentos foram precoces, progressivos e em maior magnitude em DG quando comparados ao SG, mostrando que a distensão promoveu alterações significativas nessas variáveis (P<0.05). Aumentos em relação aos valores basais também ocorreram nas contagens de células totais nucleadas e neutrófilos (P<0.05). Em conclusão, a distensão experimental do cólon menor promove, nas primeiras horas, alterações subliminares progressivas nas concentrações de proteínas totais e na atividade de LDH no líquido peritoneal. Os resultados indicam que a avaliação seriada do liquido peritoneal pode ser útil para detectar desvitalização intestinal em casos clínicos de obstrução do cólon menor equino. A desvitalização do cólon menor em equinos pode ser difícil de ser detectada baseando-se apenas em sinais clínicos. O objetivo foi realizar uma avaliação seriada do líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos à distensão do cólon menor. Dezessete cavalos adultos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. No grupo distendido (DG, n=7) um balão implantado cirurgicamente foi inflado para promover distensão do cólon menor. No grupo instrumentado (SG, n=5) o balão foi implantado, mas sem promover distensão e no grupo controle (CG, n=5) não houve anestesia ou cirurgia. Sangue e fluido peritoneal foram colhidos antes e durante 180 minutos após a cirurgia para análises citológicas e bioquímicas. Nenhuma interação significativa ocorreu entre grupos e tempos nas variáveis clínicas e hematológicas. Apesar dos valores de proteínas totais e da atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) permanecerem dentro da normalidade durante quase todo o experimento, aumentos em relação aos valores basais ocorreram nos grupos SG e DG. Contudo, tais aumentos foram precoces, progressivos e em maior magnitude em DG quando comparados ao SG, mostrando que a distensão promoveu alterações significativas nessas variáveis (P<0.05). Aumentos em relação aos valores basais também ocorreram nas contagens de células totais nucleadas e neutrófilos (P<0.05). Em conclusão, a distensão experimental do cólon menor promove, nas primeiras horas, alterações subliminares progressivas nas concentrações de proteínas totais e na atividade de LDH no líquido peritoneal. Os resultados indicam que a avaliação seriada do liquido peritoneal pode ser útil para detectar desvitalização intestinal em casos clínicos de obstrução do cólon menor equino.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Brito H.F.V., Deconto I., Lange R.R. & Pachaly J.R. 2010. [Determination of the basal metabolic rate in agoutis, Dasyprocta azarae, by indirect calorimetry.] Determinação da taxa metabólica basal em cutias, Dasyprocta azarae, por calorimetria indireta. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(6):471-478. Instituto Qualittas de Pós-Graduação, Rua Conde DEu 38, Campinas, SP 13100-009, Brazil. E-mail: haraldvet@yahoo.com.br The best way to compare different organisms is the basal metabolic rate, a fundamental interrelation existent among all living beings. Direct measures of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations by evaluation of inspired and expired air can be used to measure metabolic rate. So, this research was done in order to measure basal and specific metabolic rates in agoutis (Dasyprocta azarae), and reexamine the scaling of basal metabolism in this species. There were used 34 adult healthy agoutis (9 non-castrated males, 9 castrated males, and 16 females), that belong to the wild animal scientific breeding facility of the Natural History Museum of the Curitiba city, State of Paraná, Brazil. After a six-hour fasting the animals were placed in special boxes under controlled temperature (22.0±1.0oC), and submitted to measuring of the basal metabolic rate, by indirect calorimetry. It was used the Deltatrac®II metabolic monitor, usually indicated to measure carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) in human beings, by measuring variations in the concentration of VCO2 and of VO2, with a precision of 0.01%. The specific metabolic rate was calculated after determination of the basal metabolic rate and the obtained data were analyzed by inductive statistics. The hypotheses tests for comparison among samples indicated that the specific metabolic rate is higher in non-castrated males than in females and castrated males (significance of 5%), and that the specific metabolic rate of females and castrated males are equivalent (significance of 1%). In addition, analysis of the correlation of experimental points indicates that another variable beyond body size affects the metabolic rate of non-castrated males (significance of 1%), and therefore new studies on the metabolism of Dasyprocta azarae are required.

• Agouti Dasyprocta azarae metabolic rate cutia taxa metabólica basal

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Brito H.F.V., Deconto I., Lange R.R. & Pachaly J.R. 2010. [Determination of the basal metabolic rate in agoutis, Dasyprocta azarae, by indirect calorimetry.] Determinação da taxa metabólica basal em cutias, Dasyprocta azarae, por calorimetria indireta. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(6):471-478. Instituto Qualittas de Pós-Graduação, Rua Conde DEu 38, Campinas, SP 13100-009, Brazil. E-mail: haraldvet@yahoo.com.br A melhor ferramenta para comparação fisiológica entre organismos diferentes é a taxa metabólica basal, inter-relação fundamental que existe entre todos os seres vivos. Mensurações diretas das concentrações de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono, pela análise do ar inspirado e expirado, podem ser usadas para a mensuração de taxa metabólica. Este trabalho foi executado com o propósito de aferir as taxas metabólicas basal e específica, e reexaminar o escalonamento do metabolismo basal em cutias (Dasyprocta azarae). Foram utilizadas 34 cutias (D. azarae) adultas sadias, sendo 9 machos não castrados, 9 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas, pertencentes ao plantel do Criadouro Científico do Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, PR. Os animais passaram por jejum prévio de 6 horas e foram acondicionados em caixas especiais, com temperatura ambiente controlada (22,0±1,0ºC), sendo então submetidos à aferição da taxa metabólica basal, por calorimetria indireta. Empregou-se o monitor metabólico Deltatrac®II, (Datex-Ohmeda, Finlândia) usualmente indicado para a mensuração da produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) em seres humanos, por meio da mensuração das variações na concentração de VCO2 e de VO2, com uma precisão de 0,01%. Após a aferição da taxa metabólica basal, foi calculada a taxa metabólica específica, e efetuada a análise dos dados por estatística indutiva. Os testes de hipóteses para comparação entre amostras indicaram que a taxa metabólica específica de machos não castrados é maior que a de fêmeas e machos castrados (5% de significância), e que a taxa metabólica específica de fêmeas e machos castrados é equivalente (1% de significância). Constatou-se ainda, com a análise da correlação de pontos experimentais, que outra variável que não o tamanho corporal afeta a taxa metabólica dos machos não castrados (1% de significância), o que indica a necessidade de novos estudos sobre o metabolismo de Dasyprocta azarae, sugerindo-se a realização de aferição da taxa metabólica basal e aferição simultânea da concentração sérica de testosterona, estradiol e cortisol para os três grupos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ramadinha R.R., Reis R.K., Campos S.G., Ribeiro S.S. & Peixoto P.V. 2010. [Treatment of dermatophytosis in cats with lufenuron?] Lufenuron no tratamento da dermatofitose em gatos? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(2):132-138. Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: regina@vetskin.com.br Due to discrepancies regarding the effectiveness of lufenuron in treating dermato-phytosis caused by Microsporum canis the effect of this drug was checked in 46 cats (30 with cutaneous lesions and 16 asymptomatic carriers) treated in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The diagnosis was based on Wood’s lamp examination and fungal cultures. Biopsies were only performed in symptomatic animals. The animals were treated with lufenuron (120mg/kg every 21 days), for 4 times. The drug was efficient in 29 of the 30 affected felines and as well as in all of the asymptomatic carriers. The cat that did not respond, had received several dexameta-zone doses prior to the treatment with lufenuron. The drug was given to one animal during the first stages of pregnancy and no abnormalities or neonatal disorders were found in any of the kittens. None of the treated animals showed side effects. Twenty days after the last administration of lufenuron, 45 of the studied animals (98%) had negative fungal culture. The cost of treating dermatophytosis with lufenuron is a little higher than with ketoconazole, but the drug has some advantages regarding its practicability and security. The correct drug prescription and animal’s medication as well as environmental decontamination are very important for the success of the treatment.

• Lufenuron dermatofitose Microsporun canis

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Ramadinha R.R., Reis R.K., Campos S.G., Ribeiro S.S. & Peixoto P.V. 2010. [Treatment of dermatophytosis in cats with lufenuron?] Lufenuron no tratamento da dermatofitose em gatos? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(2):132-138. Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: regina@vetskin.com.br Em função de controvérsias sobre a eficácia do lufenuron no tratamento da dermatofitose causada por Microsporum canis, o efeito da droga foi avaliado em 46 gatos (30 com lesões cutâneas e 16 portadores assintomáticos) atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido através da lâmpada de Wood, da cultura fúngica e, adicionalmente, na maioria dos animais sintomáticos, pela avaliação histopatológica da pele. Os animais foram tratados com 120mg/kg de lufenuron, a cada 21 dias (quatro doses); a droga mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento de 29 dos 30 felinos que apresentaram a forma clínica da dermatofitose, bem como no de todos os animais assintomáticos. O único felino que não teve cura clínica completa havia recebido várias doses de dexametasona antes do inicio do tratamento. Em um animal gestante, foram utilizadas duas doses do lufenuron e não foi observada qualquer alteração clínica e morfológica nos filhotes. Nenhum dos animais tratados teve qualquer reação adversa ao medicamento. Vinte dias após o último tratamento, o exame micológico resultou negativo em 45 dos felinos estudados (98%). Embora o lufenuron tenha o custo um pouco mais elevado do que o do cetoconazol, é uma droga que apresenta praticidade e margem de segurança bem maiores. Vale ressaltar que o sucesso do tratamento está diretamente relacionado à correta utilização da droga, assim como a perfeita higienização do ambiente e dos utensílios dos animais.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Oliveira R.R., Mamprim M.J., Rahal S.C. & Bicudo A.L.C. 2009. [Radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.] Radiografia e ultrassonografia no diagnóstico da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):661-665. Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Cx. Postal 261, Bandeirantes, PR 86360-000, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigoreisvet@hotmail.com Radiography and ultrasonography were evaluated as tools for diagnosis of the rupture of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) in dogs. Twenty-five dogs were submitted to radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations and their results were compared with those obtained by artrotomy (gold standard). Radiography detected the rupture in 84% (21/25) of the cases, but 16% (4/25) were false-negative. Ultrasonography identified accurately 76% (19/25) of the cases and gave a probable diagnosis for the remaining 24% (6/25) what means that this technique presented 100% of positive results. It was possible to conclude that radiography and ultrasonography are valuable tools for the diagnosis of CrCL rupture in dogs.

• Cruciate ligament

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- ABSTRACT.- Oliveira R.R., Mamprim M.J., Rahal S.C. & Bicudo A.L.C. 2009. [Radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.] Radiografia e ultrassonografia no diagnóstico da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):661-665. Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Cx. Postal 261, Bandeirantes, PR 86360-000, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigoreisvet@hotmail.com Radiografia e ultrassonografia foram avaliadas como técnicas no diagnóstico por imagem na ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) em cães. Vinte e cinco cães foram submetidos à radiografia e ultrassonografia e seus resultados foram comparados aos obtidos por artrotomia (teste padrão ouro). O exame radiográfico diagnosticou corretamente a lesão em 84% (21/25) dos casos, mas 16% (4/25) apresentaram resultado falso-negativo. O exame ultrassonográfico foi capaz de diagnosticar acertadamente 76% (19/25) dos casos, e sugeriu a ruptura do LCCr nos 24% (6/25) restantes, apresentando 100% de resultados positivos. Concluiu-se que a radiografia e a ultrassonografia são ferramentas valiosas para diagnosticar casos de ruptura do LCCr em cães.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Mendes H.M.F., Escobar A., Vasconcelos A.C., Zucoloto S., Alves G.E.S. & Faleiros R.R. 2009. [Morphometrical alterations in myoenteric plexus of experimentally distended equine small colon.] Alterações morfométricas no plexo mioentérico do cólon menor equino distendido experimentalmente. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):557-562. Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-970, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br The equine small colon is frequently affected by obstruction, and intestinal motility dysfunction is a common complication after its surgical treatment. This fact may be related to myoenteric plexus lesion caused by distention; however, little is known about the pathophysiology of this condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological alterations in the myoenteric inervation of segments of small colon of horses subjected to intraluminal distension with reduction of the microvascular perfusion (partial ischemia) of the intestinal wall. Nine horses were used to promote distension of on segment of small colon for 4 hours. Samples of intestinal wall were collected before and at the end of the distension, after 1.5 and 12 hours of reperfusion in the experimental segment and at the end of the procedure in a different distant segment. Samples were processed and histological sections were stained with cresyl violet for the morphometric studies. An image analyzer software was used to measure perimeter, diameter, and area of the neuronal body, nucleus and nucleolus of the neurons and the areas of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Significant reductions (P<0.05) in the areas of the neuronal body and cytoplasm were detected at the end of intestinal distension, returning to the basal values during the reperfusion. In conclusion, intraluminal distension promoted changes in the morphology of the neurons of myoenteric plexus. These morphological modifications may be associated to the motility dysfunction frequently observed in clinical cases.

• Small colon distension myoenteric plexus horse

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Mendes H.M.F., Escobar A., Vasconcelos A.C., Zucoloto S., Alves G.E.S. & Faleiros R.R. 2009. [Morphometrical alterations in myoenteric plexus of experimentally distended equine small colon.] Alterações morfométricas no plexo mioentérico do cólon menor equino distendido experimentalmente. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):557-562. Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-970, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br The equine small colon is frequently affected by obstruction, and intestinal motility dysfunction is a common complication after its surgical treatment. This fact may be related to myoenteric plexus lesion caused by distention; however, little is known about the pathophysiology of this condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological alterations in the myoenteric inervation of segments of small colon of horses subjected to intraluminal distension with reduction of the microvascular perfusion (partial ischemia) of the intestinal wall. Nine horses were used to promote distension of on segment of small colon for 4 hours. Samples of intestinal wall were collected before and at the end of the distension, after 1.5 and 12 hours of reperfusion in the experimental segment and at the end of the procedure in a different distant segment. Samples were processed and histological sections were stained with cresyl violet for the morphometric studies. An image analyzer software was used to measure perimeter, diameter, and area of the neuronal body, nucleus and nucleolus of the neurons and the areas of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Significant reductions (P<0.05) in the areas of the neuronal body and cytoplasm were detected at the end of intestinal distension, returning to the basal values during the reperfusion. In conclusion, intraluminal distension promoted changes in the morphology of the neurons of myoenteric plexus. These morphological modifications may be associated to the motility dysfunction frequently observed in clinical cases.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Fonteque J.H., Kohayagawa A., Takahira R.K., Bianchi E.H., Cherubini A.L., Piccinin A., Bruder E.M. & Ramos P.R.R. 2009. [Serum protein electrophoresis profile of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus kept in captivity.] Perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(6):457-460. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Hospital de Clínica Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luiz de Camões 2090, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: fonteque@cav.udesc.br The poisonous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Bothrops have been kept in captivity with the purpose of extracting poison for the production of immunobiological. Knowledge of the physiology of these animals and serum proteins concentration changes are important for early identification of major diseases which lead to states of hypoproteinemia and hyperproteinemia. The objective was to determine the concentration of total protein and serum protein electrophoresis profile of Crotalus durissus terrificus (rattlesnake) in captivity. Blood samples were taken from the ventral coccygeal vein of 21 adult and healthy snakes divided into groups: Group 1 with 12 males, weighing in average 588.89±193.55g, and Group 2 with nine females, weighing in average 708.33±194.04g. The total serum concentration of protein was determined by the method of refractometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. The total protein values in the serum for females was 4.82±0.72, for males 4.51±0.50 and males and females 4.64±0.61, identified by four fractions (g/dL): albumin, a, b and g-globulin. Additionally the albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. The female snakes showed higher values for the variables, albumin and the albumin/globulin (AG) differed significantly (P<0.05) from the group of male snakes, but there was no clinical significance.

• Protein fractions albumin alpha beta and gamma-globulin sex agarose gel

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Fonteque J.H., Kohayagawa A., Takahira R.K., Bianchi E.H., Cherubini A.L., Piccinin A., Bruder E.M. & Ramos P.R.R. 2009. [Serum protein electrophoresis profile of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus kept in captivity.] Perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(6):457-460. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Hospital de Clínica Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luiz de Camões 2090, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: fonteque@cav.udesc.br The poisonous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Bothrops have been kept in captivity with the purpose of extracting poison for the production of immunobiological. Knowledge of the physiology of these animals and serum proteins concentration changes are important for early identification of major diseases which lead to states of hypoproteinemia and hyperproteinemia. The objective was to determine the concentration of total protein and serum protein electrophoresis profile of Crotalus durissus terrificus (rattlesnake) in captivity. Blood samples were taken from the ventral coccygeal vein of 21 adult and healthy snakes divided into groups: Group 1 with 12 males, weighing in average 588.89±193.55g, and Group 2 with nine females, weighing in average 708.33±194.04g. The total serum concentration of protein was determined by the method of refractometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. The total protein values in the serum for females was 4.82±0.72, for males 4.51±0.50 and males and females 4.64±0.61, identified by four fractions (g/dL): albumin, a, b and g-globulin. Additionally the albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. The female snakes showed higher values for the variables, albumin and the albumin/globulin (AG) differed significantly (P<0.05) from the group of male snakes, but there was no clinical significance.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Mendes H.M.F., Faleiros R.R., Vasconcelos A.C., Alves G.E.S. & Moore R.M. 2009. [Apoptosis in equine small colon subjected to experimental ischemia and reperfusion.] Apoptose no cólon menor eqüino submetido à isquemia e reperfusão experimentais. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):198-204. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion are important factors for mortality in horses. The objective of this study was to detect and to quantify apoptosis in the mucosa of equine small colon in a model of ischemia and reperfusion. The small colon was surgically exposed in twelve horses, and two intestinal segments were demarcated and subjected to 90 (SI) or 180 (SII) minutes of complete arteriovenous ischemia. Intestinal samples were collected before ischemia (control), at its end and after 90 and 180 minutes of reperfusion. Samples were histological processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (SI and SII) and by the technique of TUNEL (SI). Digitized histological images were analyzed morphometrically to detect apoptotic cells and to determine the apoptotic index (AI). After 90 or 180 minutes of arteriovenous ischemia, an increase in apoptotic cells was verified when compared with the control group, although no difference could be detected between the different periods of ischemia (P<0.05). After the first 90 minutes of reperfusion, a decrease in AI occurred, similar in both segments, possibly due to lack of energy source promoted by ischemia. AI was maximized after 180 minutes of reperfusion (sample harvested only in SI) (P<0.05). In conclusion, apoptosis is an important cause of cellular mucosal death in equine small colon ischemic obstruction, occurring early in ischemia, and later (after 90 minutes) in the reperfusion period.

• Horse small colon apoptosis ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Mendes H.M.F., Faleiros R.R., Vasconcelos A.C., Alves G.E.S. & Moore R.M. 2009. [Apoptosis in equine small colon subjected to experimental ischemia and reperfusion.] Apoptose no cólon menor eqüino submetido à isquemia e reperfusão experimentais. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):198-204. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: faleiros@ufmg.br Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion are important factors for mortality in horses. The objective of this study was to detect and to quantify apoptosis in the mucosa of equine small colon in a model of ischemia and reperfusion. The small colon was surgically exposed in twelve horses, and two intestinal segments were demarcated and subjected to 90 (SI) or 180 (SII) minutes of complete arteriovenous ischemia. Intestinal samples were collected before ischemia (control), at its end and after 90 and 180 minutes of reperfusion. Samples were histological processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (SI and SII) and by the technique of TUNEL (SI). Digitized histological images were analyzed morphometrically to detect apoptotic cells and to determine the apoptotic index (AI). After 90 or 180 minutes of arteriovenous ischemia, an increase in apoptotic cells was verified when compared with the control group, although no difference could be detected between the different periods of ischemia (P<0.05). After the first 90 minutes of reperfusion, a decrease in AI occurred, similar in both segments, possibly due to lack of energy source promoted by ischemia. AI was maximized after 180 minutes of reperfusion (sample harvested only in SI) (P<0.05). In conclusion, apoptosis is an important cause of cellular mucosal death in equine small colon ischemic obstruction, occurring early in ischemia, and later (after 90 minutes) in the reperfusion period.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Pagliosa G.M., Alves G.E.S., Faleiros R.R., Matos J.R.T., Torres M.B., Mendes H.M.F. & Costa R.S. 2009. [Use of glutamine to treatment of ischemia and reperfusion lesions in equine jejune.] Utilização da glutamina no tratamento de lesões de isquemia e reperfusão no jejuno em eqüinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):246-252. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave-nida Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil. E-mail: geanepagliosa@gmail.com Under general anesthesia and arterial pressure control, twelve horses were submitted simultaneously to intraluminal distension and venous ischemia of jejune for 2 hours, followed by 12 hours of reperfusion. Six horses were treated with intravenous 2% glutamine (50mg/kg), and six others were treated with the same volume of saline solution 1h after the beginning of ischemia and 6 hours after reperfusion. Intestinal samples were collected before and after 2 hours of ischemia and after 2 and 12 hours of reperfusion, and were submitted to hystopatological analyses, ultrastructural examination, measurement of area and number of villi per mm2, and to myeloperoxidases activity. No statistical differences between the groups were found. It was concluded that glutamine did not attenuate the ischemia and reperfusion lesions under the methodology used in this study.

• Intestine ischemia and reperfusion colic glutamine equine

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Pagliosa G.M., Alves G.E.S., Faleiros R.R., Matos J.R.T., Torres M.B., Mendes H.M.F. & Costa R.S. 2009. [Use of glutamine to treatment of ischemia and reperfusion lesions in equine jejune.] Utilização da glutamina no tratamento de lesões de isquemia e reperfusão no jejuno em eqüinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):246-252. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave-nida Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil. E-mail: geanepagliosa@gmail.com Under general anesthesia and arterial pressure control, twelve horses were submitted simultaneously to intraluminal distension and venous ischemia of jejune for 2 hours, followed by 12 hours of reperfusion. Six horses were treated with intravenous 2% glutamine (50mg/kg), and six others were treated with the same volume of saline solution 1h after the beginning of ischemia and 6 hours after reperfusion. Intestinal samples were collected before and after 2 hours of ischemia and after 2 and 12 hours of reperfusion, and were submitted to hystopatological analyses, ultrastructural examination, measurement of area and number of villi per mm2, and to myeloperoxidases activity. No statistical differences between the groups were found. It was concluded that glutamine did not attenuate the ischemia and reperfusion lesions under the methodology used in this study.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Pierezan F., Rissi D.R., Rech R.R., Fighera R.A. Brum J.S. & Barros C.S.L. 2009. [Necropsy findings related to the cause of death in 335 horses: 1968-2007.] Achados de necropsia relacionados com a morte de 335 eqüinos: 1968-2007. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):275-280. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br The necropsy reports of 335 horses necropsied at the LPV-UFSM between 1968-2007 were reviewed in order to determine the necropsy findings related with cause of death or reason for euthanasia. The distribution of these findings by organ system were as follows: digestive (79/335 [23.6%]), striated muscle and skeleton (47/335 [14.0%]), nervous (37/335 [11.0%]), respiratory (35/335 [10.4%]), integument (31/335 [9.3%]), hematopoietic (24/335 [7.2%]), cardiovascular (13/335 [3.9%]), reproductive (12/335 [3.5%]), urinary (7/335 [2.1%]), and endocrine (3/335 [0.9%]). The cause of death was not possible to be determined in 47 (14.0%) necropsied horses. Displacements of the intestines (17/79 [21.5%]) were the main findings in digestive system, followed by obstruction and impactation (14/79 [17.7%]). Torsion were the type of displacement more frequently observed in the intestines (14/17 [82.4%]). Among those the more prevalent affected the small intestine (7/14 [50%]). Most horses dying from fractured bones were 1-5-year-old. The most prevalent diseases in the nervous system were leukoencephalo-malacia and trypanosomiasis, whereas respiratory depression due to anesthesia was the leading cause of death related to the respiratory system. Equine infectious anemia was the most diagnosed infectious disease and the main reason leading to euthanasia.

• Diseases of horses causes of death epidemiology pathology

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Pierezan F., Rissi D.R., Rech R.R., Fighera R.A. Brum J.S. & Barros C.S.L. 2009. [Necropsy findings related to the cause of death in 335 horses: 1968-2007.] Achados de necropsia relacionados com a morte de 335 eqüinos: 1968-2007. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(3):275-280. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br The necropsy reports of 335 horses necropsied at the LPV-UFSM between 1968-2007 were reviewed in order to determine the necropsy findings related with cause of death or reason for euthanasia. The distribution of these findings by organ system were as follows: digestive (79/335 [23.6%]), striated muscle and skeleton (47/335 [14.0%]), nervous (37/335 [11.0%]), respiratory (35/335 [10.4%]), integument (31/335 [9.3%]), hematopoietic (24/335 [7.2%]), cardiovascular (13/335 [3.9%]), reproductive (12/335 [3.5%]), urinary (7/335 [2.1%]), and endocrine (3/335 [0.9%]). The cause of death was not possible to be determined in 47 (14.0%) necropsied horses. Displacements of the intestines (17/79 [21.5%]) were the main findings in digestive system, followed by obstruction and impactation (14/79 [17.7%]). Torsion were the type of displacement more frequently observed in the intestines (14/17 [82.4%]). Among those the more prevalent affected the small intestine (7/14 [50%]). Most horses dying from fractured bones were 1-5-year-old. The most prevalent diseases in the nervous system were leukoencephalo-malacia and trypanosomiasis, whereas respiratory depression due to anesthesia was the leading cause of death related to the respiratory system. Equine infectious anemia was the most diagnosed infectious disease and the main reason leading to euthanasia.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Barbosa R.R., Pacífico da Silva I. & Benito Soto-Blanco B. 2008. Development of conditioned taste aversion to Mascagnia rigida in goats. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):571-574. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil. E-mail: benito.blanco@pq.cnpq.br The aim of this study was to determine whether goats could be averted from consuming Mascagnia rigida, a toxic plant found in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Fourteen male goats not previously familiarized to M. rigida were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: control (treated with 5.5mL water orally by a drenching gun) and lithium group (treated with 100mg LiCl/kg body weight orally by a drenching gun). For conditioning, goats were allowed to feed on M. rigida leaves for 15 min, followed by LiCl or water administration. The time spent on eating M. rigida leaves was measured. The conditioning was repeated daily until the LiCl-treated goats stopped eating M. rigida. On the 10th, 17th, and 24th day after conditioning, extinction trials of the M. rigida aversion were performed in goats by using single-choice tests. There was no difference between the two treatment groups with respect to the consumption of M. rigida on the first day of aversion conditioning, however, controls ingested increasing amounts of the plant on consecutive conditioning days. On the second day, five out of the seven goats in the lithium group did not eat the leaves, but on the third day, all the goats in the lithium group did not ingest M. rigida. This aversion persisted throughout all evaluated days. This indicates that goats can be easily conditioned by using lithium chloride to avoid eating M. rigida temporarily

• Poisonous plants Mascagnia rigida Malpighiaceae conditioned food aversion taste aversion diet selection plant poisoning goats

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Barbosa R.R., Pacífico da Silva I. & Benito Soto-Blanco B. 2008. Development of conditioned taste aversion to Mascagnia rigida in goats. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):571-574. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil. E-mail: benito.blanco@pq.cnpq.br The aim of this study was to determine whether goats could be averted from consuming Mascagnia rigida, a toxic plant found in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Fourteen male goats not previously familiarized to M. rigida were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: control (treated with 5.5mL water orally by a drenching gun) and lithium group (treated with 100mg LiCl/kg body weight orally by a drenching gun). For conditioning, goats were allowed to feed on M. rigida leaves for 15 min, followed by LiCl or water administration. The time spent on eating M. rigida leaves was measured. The conditioning was repeated daily until the LiCl-treated goats stopped eating M. rigida. On the 10th, 17th, and 24th day after conditioning, extinction trials of the M. rigida aversion were performed in goats by using single-choice tests. There was no difference between the two treatment groups with respect to the consumption of M. rigida on the first day of aversion conditioning, however, controls ingested increasing amounts of the plant on consecutive conditioning days. On the second day, five out of the seven goats in the lithium group did not eat the leaves, but on the third day, all the goats in the lithium group did not ingest M. rigida. This aversion persisted throughout all evaluated days. This indicates that goats can be easily conditioned by using lithium chloride to avoid eating M. rigida temporarily