PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Sarmento C.A.P., Ferreira A.O., Rodrigues E.A.F., Lesnau G.G., Rici R.E.G., Abreu D.K., Biasi C. & Miglino M.A. 2012. [Kidney of Minke Whale (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): Architecture and structure.] Rins de Baleia Minke (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): arquitetura e estrutura. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(8):807-811. Departamento de Cirurgia, Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: sarmento@usp.br Among marine mammals, whale is one of the most attention-arousing animals, especially concerning its urinary tract. This system follows the pattern of mammals with regard to its constitution, however, it differs in renal morphology and number of lobes, which, in turn, form complete reniculi, agglutinated in hundreds. This structure is supported by fibrous connective tissue, but highly capable of maintaining electrolyte balance. Six pairs of kidneys of Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), collected in 1982, in Cabedelo, Paraiba, Brazil, in the last fishing allowed, were dissected. These kidneys were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and they presented a very large histologic layer of collagen surrounding the medullary wall. The urinary collecting duct form papillary glasses, that reach a single collecting center which discharges in the ureter. It was found that the kidney of Minke whale has a lobe characteristic, with, on average, 700 reniculi; each reniculus has anatomical and functional characteristics of a unipyramidal kidney, with an inner layer (medulla), and an outer layer (cortex), and independent irrigation, with formation of individually arcuate arteries, as observed in unipyramidal terrestrial mammals. However, the set gathering all these reniculi constitutes, in the end, a multilobular and polipyramidal kidney, contrary to the morphology of most terrestrial mammals. It was not possible to distinguish the renicular cortex structures of the Minke whale in the level of light microscopy. Through scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to visualize a cortical layer located between two fibrous capsules. This joint, in turn, consists of connective tissue, which, along with a layer of collagen and elastic fibers, separates the cortex from the medulla; the kidney glomeruli were visualized, completely taken by the glomerular vessels and arranged into several layers. One notices that the glomerular cavity is almost a virtual space into which the glomerular filtrate is drained, and it does not present a globular shape. Vascularization is increased in the medullary region. The difference between the kidneys of terrestrial and marine mammals consists in the arrangement of morphological components, favoring the organ’s physiology.

• Whale Baleanoptera acutorostrata kidney Baleia rim

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Sarmento C.A.P., Ferreira A.O., Rodrigues E.A.F., Lesnau G.G., Rici R.E.G., Abreu D.K., Biasi C. & Miglino M.A. 2012. [Kidney of Minke Whale (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): Architecture and structure.] Rins de Baleia Minke (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): arquitetura e estrutura. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(8):807-811. Departamento de Cirurgia, Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: sarmento@usp.br Entre os mamíferos marinhos, a baleia é um dos animais que mais desperta atenção, especialmente no atinente ao seu sistema urinário. Este sistema segue o padrão entre os mamíferos quanto a sua constituição, entretanto, difere na morfologia renal, em número de lobos, que por sua vez, forma renículos completos, aglutinados às centenas. Esta estrutura é sustentada por tecido conjuntivo fibroso, mas altamente capaz de manter o equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Foram dissecados 6 pares de rins de baleia Minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), colhidos em 1982, Cabedelo, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, na última pesca autorizada. Estes rins estavam conservados em formol 10% e apresentaram uma camada histológica de colágeno muito grande circundando a parede medular. O duto coletor urinário forma cálices papilares, desembocando num único centro coletor que desemboca no ureter. Verificou-se que o rim da baleia Minke apresenta característica lobulada possuindo em média 700 renículos, cada renículo possui características anatômicas e funcionais de um rim unipiramidal, com uma camada interna (medula), e uma camada externa (córtex), e irrigação independente, com formação das artérias arqueadas individualmente, como observadas em mamíferos terrestres unipiramidais. Entretanto, o conjunto destes renículos constitui ao final um rim multilobular e polipiramidal, contrariando a morfologia da maioria dos mamíferos terrestres. Não foi possível distinguir ao nível de microscopia de luz as estruturas do córtex renicular da baleia Minke. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível visualizar uma camada cortical que fica localizada entre duas cápsulas fibrosas. Esta junção por sua vez é feita por tecido conjuntivo o qual juntamente com uma camada de colágeno e fibras elásticas, separa o córtex da medula , foram visualizados os glomérulos renais, completamente tomados pelos vasos glomerulares e dispostos em várias camadas. Percebe-se que a cavidade glomerular é praticamente um espaço virtual para onde o filtrado glomerular é drenado, não apresentando o formato globular. A vascularização intensifica-se ao chegar à região medular. A diferença entre rins de mamíferos terrestres e marinhos está na disposição dos componentes morfológicos, favorecendo a fisiologia do órgão.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Medeiros L., Marassi C.D., Figueiredo E.E.S., Leite J., Ferreira A.M.R. & Lilenbaum W. 2012. [ Assessing the histopathology to depict the different stages of bovine tuberculosis infection in a naturally infected herd]. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(2):135-139. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Mello 101, sala 309, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil. E-mail: lusmedeiros@yahoo.com.br The standard method for detection of bovine tuberculosis (TB) is the single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT). Nevertheless, current studies suggest that a single test is not enough to detect all cattle infected by TB, particularly when animals present different stages of infection. A dairy herd comprised of 270 cows was studied and 15 were reactive to SITT plus nine inconclusive animals. Blood samples (for IFN and ELISA) were collected from these 24 cows. At 30 days after injection of PPD, all the cows that were reactive to any of the employed tests were slaughtered, and tissues were processed by Bacteriology, Histopathology (HP) and PCR. According to HP 33.4% of the animals were positive, 45.8% inconclusive and 20.8% were negative. The inconclusive samples came from IFN positive animals, signalizing recent infection. Regarding the animals that were negative to HP, all of them were identified by IFN while ELISA was negative. Immune responses are different in recent and advanced infections, what supports the identification between chronically or recently infected animals. This multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for the interpretation of the various tools that are frequently employed for the diagnosis of TB and mainly to identify all infected animals.

• Tuberculosis Tuberculose bovina

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Medeiros L., Marassi C.D., Figueiredo E.E.S., Leite J., Ferreira A.M.R. & Lilenbaum W. 2012. [ Assessing the histopathology to depict the different stages of bovine tuberculosis infection in a naturally infected herd]. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(2):135-139. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Mello 101, sala 309, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil. E-mail: lusmedeiros@yahoo.com.br O método padrão para detecção de tuberculose bovina (TB) é o Teste Cervical Simples (TCS). No entanto, estudos atuais sugerem que um único teste não é suficiente para detectar todos os bovinos infectados por TB, particularmente quando os animais de uma rebanho apresentam diferentes estágios de infecção. Um rebanho leiteiro composto de 270 vacas foi estudado e no TCS 15 animais foram reagentes e nove animais inconclusivos. Amostras de sangue (para IFN e ELISA) foram coletadas destas 24 vacas. Trinta dias após a injeção do PPD, todas as vacas que foram reativas a qualquer um dos testes utilizados foram abatidas e os tecidos foram processados ​​por bacteriologia, histopatologia (HP) e PCR. De acordo com a HP 33,4% dos animais foram positivos, 45,8% inconclusivos e 20,8% foram negativos. As amostras classificadas como inconclusivas foram provenientes de animais IFN positivo, sinalizando infecção recente. Em relação aos animais negativos na HP, todos eles foram identificados por IFN enquanto no ELISA apresentaram resultados negativos. Respostas imunes são diferentes em infecções recentes e avançadas, o que suporta a identificação entre os animais cronicamente ou recentemente infectados. Esta abordagem multidisciplinar é obrigatória para a interpretação das várias ferramentas que são freqüentemente empregadas para o diagnóstico da TB e, principalmente, para identificar todos os animais infectados em um rebanho.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Knöbl T., Saidenberg A.B.S., Moreno A.M., Gomes T.A.T., Vieira M.A.M., Leite D.S., Blanco J.E. & Ferreira A.J.P. 2011. Serogroups and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine birds. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(10):916-921. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária do Complexo Educacional FMU, Av. Santo Amaro 1239, São Paulo, SP 04505 002, Brazil. E-mail: tknobl@usp.br Escherichia coli isolates from 24 sick psittacine birds were serogrouped and investigated for the presence of genes encoding the following virulence factors: attaching and effacing (eae), enteropathogenic E. coli EAF plasmid (EAF), pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afa), capsule K1 (neu), curli (crl, csgA), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin-1 (astA), heat-stable enterotoxin -1 heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb) enterotoxins, Shiga-like toxins (stx1 and stx2), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin production (iuc) and serum resistance (iss). The results showed that the isolates belonged to 12 serogroups: O7; O15; O21; O23; O54; O64; O76; O84; O88; O128; O152 and O166. The virulence genes found were: crl in all isolates, pap in 10 isolates, iss in seven isolates, csgA in five isolates, iuc and tsh in three isolates and eae in two isolates. The combination of virulence genes revealed 11 different genotypic patterns. All strains were negative for genes encoding for EAF, EAEC, K1, sfa, afa, hly, cnf, LT, STa, STb, stx1 and stx2. Our findings showed that some E. coli isolated from psittacine birds present the same virulence factors as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathotypes.

• Escherichia coli

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Knöbl T., Saidenberg A.B.S., Moreno A.M., Gomes T.A.T., Vieira M.A.M., Leite D.S., Blanco J.E. & Ferreira A.J.P. 2011. Serogroups and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine birds. [Sorogrupos e genes de virulência em Escherichia coli isoladas de psitacídeos.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(10):916-921. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária do Complexo Educacional FMU, Av. Santo Amaro 1239, São Paulo, SP 04505 002, Brazil. E-mail: tknobl@usp.br Amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de 24 psitacídeos doentes foram sorogrupadas e investigadas para a presença de genes que codificam os seguintes fatores de virulência: attaching e effacing (eae), plasmídeo EAF (EAF), pili associado à pielonefrite (pap), fímbria S (sfa), adesina afimbrial (afa), cápsula K1 (neu), curli (crl, csgA), hemaglutinina termosensível (tsh), enterotoxina termo-estável 1 de E. coli enteroagregativa (astA), toxina termolábil (LT) e toxina termoestável (STa e STb), Shiga-like toxinas (stx1 e stx2), fator citotóxico necrotizante 1 (cnf1), hemolisina (hly), produção de aerobactina (iuc) e resistência sérica (iss). Os resultados mostraram que os isolados pertenciam a 12 sorogrupos: O7; O15; O21; O23; O54; O64; O76; O84; O88; O128; O152 e O166. Os genes de virulência encontrados foram: crl em todos os isolados, pap em 10 isolados, iss em sete isolados, csgA em cinco isolados, iuc e tsh em três isolados e eae em dois isolados. A combinação dos genes de virulência revelou 11 perfis genotípicos distintos. Todas as amostras foram negativas para os genes que codificam EAF, EAEC, K1, sfa, afa, hly, cnf, LT, STa, STb, stx1 e stx2. Estes resultados demonstraram que algumas amostras de E. coli isoladas de psitacídeos apresentam os mesmos fatores de virulência presentes nos patotipos de E. coli patogênicas para aves (APEC), uropatogênicas (UPEC) e E. coli enteropatogênicas (EPEC).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ferreira A.O., Morini A.C., Favaron P.O., Passos C.C., Campos D.B., Miglino M.A. & Guerra R.R. 2011. [Morphological evaluation of fetal membranes and placenta of wild life Mazama gouazoubira deer in the first third of pregnancy.] Avaliação morfológica das membranas fetais e da placenta de Mazama gouazoubira (veado-catingueiro) de vida livre no terço inicial da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(7):631-635. Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: ricardo@cca.ufpb.br Mazama gouazoubira is a small-sized deer, which can be found in South America, from southern Uruguay to the north of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study aimed to describe the fetal membranes and placenta of M. gouazoubira in the first third of pregnancy. Samples collected were macroscopically and microscopically analyzed. Uterus examination demonstrated univitelinic gestation with an embryo measuring a crown-rump length of 13mm. In the embryo analysis we could identify the pigmented eye, auricular hillocks, mesonephron and early metanephron, liver and its external prominence, stomach, thoracic members and buds of pelvic members. Placenta was oligocotyledonary and nine caruncles were found in the uterus. Gestational sac measured 15cm in length, and, as observed in the early gestation of domestic ruminants, cotyledons could not be identified macroscopically. A weak adhesion was found between caruncles and chorioallantoic membrane (cotyledons) forming the placentomes. The chorioallantoic membrane showed a well-vascularized allantoid composed by a thin layer of cells with stretched nucleus and cytoplasm. On the other side of the membrane, the chorion was composed by cubic cells with scant cytoplasm and large-rounded nuclei, features of trophoblast cells. Involving the embryo we identified a two-layered amniotic sac. Layers could be mechanically separated and had similar morphology, showing a non-vascularized squamous epithelium. There was no yolk sac in the gestational stage of this specimen. We concluded that the placenta of M. gouazoubira is an oligocotyledonary placenta, as observed in others cervids, and that the fetal membranes showed similarities with those from other domestic ruminants, including cytological characteristics. Further studies are required in order to determine the presence of the yolk sac and its regression time.

• Yolk sac chorioallantoic membrane oligocotyledonary placenta placentome Mazama gouazoubira veado-catingueiro saco vitelino membrana corioalantóica palacenta placenta oligocotiledonária

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Ferreira A.O., Morini A.C., Favaron P.O., Passos C.C., Campos D.B., Miglino M.A. & Guerra R.R. 2011. [Morphological evaluation of fetal membranes and placenta of wild life Mazama gouazoubira deer in the first third of pregnancy.] Avaliação morfológica das membranas fetais e da placenta de Mazama gouazoubira (veado-catingueiro) de vida livre no terço inicial da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(7):631-635. Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: ricardo@cca.ufpb.br Mazama gouazoubira, o veado-catingueiro, é uma espécie de cervídeo de porte pequeno, que pode ser encontrado na América do Sul, desde o sul do Uruguai até o norte de Mato Grosso, no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as membranas fetais e a placenta de M. gouazoubira no terço inicial de gestação. As amostras coletadas foram analisadas macroscopicamente e microscopicamente. O exame do útero demonstrou uma gestação univitelina e um embrião com crown-rump de 13mm. Na análise do embrião pode ser observado o olho pigmentado, as saliências auriculares, o mesonefro e e metanefro em desenvolvimento, o fígado e sua proeminência externa, o estômago, os membros torácicos e os brotos dos membros pélvicos. A placenta apresentou-se oligocotiledonária e no útero puderam ser observadas nove carúnculas. O saco gestacional mediu 15cm de comprimento e, como observado no início da gestação dos ruminantes domésticos, os cotilédones não puderam ser identificados macroscopicamente. Uma fraca adesão foi observada entre as carúnculas e a membrana corioalantóica (cotilédones) que formavam os placentônios. A membrana corioalantóica demonstrou um alantóide bem vascularizado composto por uma fina camada de células de núcleos e citoplasmas alongados. Na outra face da membrana, o cório foi composto por células cúbicas, de citoplasmas escassos e núcleos grandes e arredondados, características de células trofoblásticas. Envolvendo o embrião visualizou-se o saco amniótico constituído de duas camadas passíveis de separação mecânica, que apresentaram morfologia similar, sendo formadas por um epitélio pavimentoso avascular. Não foi observado saco vitelino no estágio gestacional do espécime estudado. Conclui-se que a placenta de M. gouazoubira é oligocotiledonária, como observado em outros cervídeos, e que as membranas fetais apresentam semelhanças com a de outros ruminantes, incluindo as características citológicas. Estudos adicionais são necessários para determinar a presença do saco vitelino e quando ocorre sua regressão.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Mello M.F.V., Pissinatti A. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2010. Distribution of collagen types I, III, and IV in gastric tissue of marmosets (Callithrix spp., Callitrichidae: Primates). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(4):317-320. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: marcelafvmello@hotmail.com Extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibrillar collagens play a fundamental role in wound repair and have also been studied in association with the gastric ulcer healing process in gastroenterology. Nevertheless, there have been no studies in the literature to date regarding the description and characterization of ECM components, neither in normal nor in injured gastric tissue of primate species. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of gastric collagen types I, III, and IV in marmosets (Callithrix sp.). Histological specimens from the stomach of 6 Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli, and 12 C. geoffroyi were evaluated. The specimens were immunostained with anti-types I and III collagen polyclonal antibodies and anti-type IV collagen monoclonal antibody. Collagen types I and III were detected in the submucosa and lamina propria between the mucosal glands while collagen type IV was detected in the muscularis mucosae, muscular layers, blood vessels, and gastric mucosa between the mucosal glands. It is hoped that these findings can contribute to future studies on the gastric extracellular matrix components in primates and to comparative studies in the area of gastroenterology.

• Extracellular matrix collagen types I III and IV matriz extra-celular colágenos tipo I III e IV

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Mello M.F.V., Pissinatti A. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2010. Distribution of collagen types I, III, and IV in gastric tissue of marmosets (Callithrix spp., Callitrichidae: Primates). [Distribuição dos colágenos tipo I, III e IV em tecido gástrico de sagüis (Callithrix spp., Callitrichidae: Primates).] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(4):317-320. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: marcelafvmello@hotmail.com Os componentes da matriz extra-celular (MEC), como os colágenos fibrilares, desempenham um papel fundamental no reparo de feridas, tendo sido estudados em gastroenterologia, em associação com a cicatrização da úlcera gástrica. No entanto, não há estudos até o presente momento, que relatem a descrição e caracterização de componentes da MEC no tecido gástrico, quer seja normal ou com lesão, de espécies de primatas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressão dos colágenos tipo I, III e IV no tecido gástrico de sagüis (Callithrix sp.). Foram avaliadas amostras do estômago de 6 Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli e 12 C. geoffroyi. As amostras foram submetidas à reação de imuno-histoquímica com anticorpos policlonais anti–colágenos tipo I e III e monoclonal anti-colágeno tipo IV. Os colágenos tipo I e III foram detectados na submucosa e na lâmina própria da mucosa, entre as glândulas gástricas, enquanto que o colágeno tipo IV foi detectado na muscularis mucosae, nas camadas musculares, nos vasos sanguíneos e na camada mucosa, entre as glândulas gástricas. Estes achados poderão contribuir com estudos futuros relacionados aos componentes da MEC no tecido gástrico de primatas e com estudos comparativos na área da gastroenterologia.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Castro M.C.N., Marcello G.C.G., Alencar N.X. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2009. [Urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurament in cats with chronic renal failure.] Avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária em gatos com doença renal crônica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):605-609. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: mcnobre@vm.uff.br Chronic renal disease (CRD) is the most common form of renal disease in cats. Several factors contribute to disease progression. Proteinuria is an important marker of renal disease progression. The protein-creatinine ratio in a single urine sample correlates well with urinary protein loss in 24 hours. The aim of this investigation was to determine the urine protein-creatinine (UPC) ratio in cats with natural acquired chronic renal disease. The UPC ratio was performed in nine clinically normal cats and in 30 cats with chronic renal disease. Mean UPC ratio in normal cats was 0.16±0.10, and mean UPC ratio in the cats with chronic renal disease was 0.53± 0.59. In the group with renal disease there was positive correlation between UPC ratio and serum creatinine levels. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that UPC ratio in cats with CRD is variable and that, in accordance to what has previously been described, approximately one third of the cats with CRD are considered proteinuric according to the criteria established in literature (UPC ratio > 0.4).

• Chronic renal disease urinary protein/creatinine ratio

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- ABSTRACT.- Castro M.C.N., Marcello G.C.G., Alencar N.X. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2009. [Urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurament in cats with chronic renal failure.] Avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária em gatos com doença renal crônica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):605-609. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: mcnobre@vm.uff.br Doença renal crônica (DRC) é a forma mais comum de doença renal em gatos. Vários fatores têm sido citados como importantes na progressão da doença, dentre eles a proteinúria. A relação proteína-creatinina (RPC) urinária em uma única amostra de urina apresenta boa correlação com a perda de proteína urinária em 24 horas. O objetivo dessa investigação foi determinar a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC adquirida naturalmente. A determinação da RPC foi realizada em nove gatos saudáveis (Grupo I) e em trinta gatos com DRC (Grupo II). Os gatos do Grupo I apresentaram RPC de 0,16±0,10 e os gatos do Grupo II apresentaram RPC de 0,53± 0,59. No Grupo II encontrou-se correlação positiva e significante da RPC com o nível de creatinina sérica. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC é bastante variável e que, à semelhança do que já havia sido previamente descrito, aproximadamente um terço dos gatos com DRC são considerados proteinúricos segundo critérios estabelecidos pela literatura (RPC urinária >0,4).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Buim M.R., Mettifogo E., Timenetsky J., Kleven S. & Ferreira A.J.P. 2009. Epidemiological survey on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by multiplex PCR in commercial poultry. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):552-556. Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: ajpferr@usp.br Mycoplasmas are important avian pathogens, which cause respiratory and joint diseases that result in large economic losses in Brazilian and world-wide poultry industry. This investigation regarding the main species of mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS), responsible for the above mentioned conditions, was carried out through PCR Multiplex analysis. One thousand and forty-six (1,046) samples of tracheal swabs and piped embryos were collected from 33 farms with laying hens, breeders, broilers or hatchery, located in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná and Pernambuco, where respiratory problems or drops in egg production had occurred. The MG and MS prevalence on the farms was 72.7%. These results indicated (1) high dissemination of mycoplasmas in the evaluated farms, with predominance of MS, either as single infectious agent or associated with other mycoplasmas in 20 farms (60.6%), and (2) an increase of MS and decrease of MG infection in Brazilian commercial poultry.

• Mycoplasma gallisepticum M. synoviae PCR epidemiology chicken

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Buim M.R., Mettifogo E., Timenetsky J., Kleven S. & Ferreira A.J.P. 2009. Epidemiological survey on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by multiplex PCR in commercial poultry. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):552-556. Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: ajpferr@usp.br Mycoplasmas are important avian pathogens, which cause respiratory and joint diseases that result in large economic losses in Brazilian and world-wide poultry industry. This investigation regarding the main species of mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS), responsible for the above mentioned conditions, was carried out through PCR Multiplex analysis. One thousand and forty-six (1,046) samples of tracheal swabs and piped embryos were collected from 33 farms with laying hens, breeders, broilers or hatchery, located in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná and Pernambuco, where respiratory problems or drops in egg production had occurred. The MG and MS prevalence on the farms was 72.7%. These results indicated (1) high dissemination of mycoplasmas in the evaluated farms, with predominance of MS, either as single infectious agent or associated with other mycoplasmas in 20 farms (60.6%), and (2) an increase of MS and decrease of MG infection in Brazilian commercial poultry.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Eigenheer-Moreira J.F., Fernandes F.T., Queiroz F.J.R, Pinho T.G.& Ferreira A.M.R. 2007. [Comparative study of repeat breeds and healthy mares through endometrial histology and plasmatic progesterone concentrations.] Estudo comparativo de éguas repetidoras ou não de cio através da avaliação histológica do endométrio e das concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(12):506-512. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: joana.vet@gmail.com.br The study aimed to compare endometrial histology and plasmatic progesterone (P4) concentration of repeat breeds and healthy mares. The hypothesis was that there is a correlation between infertility and endometrial histology and P4 concentration in both groups. A total of 36 Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador mares in reproductive age (3-23 years) were used, 11 of them were healthy mares (Control group, 7 embryo recipient and 4 embryo donors), and 25 repeat breeders (10 embryo recipient and 15 embryo donors), classified as based on their reproductive history. Endometrial and blood samples were collected for respectively histological and plasma progesterone concentration evaluation. The endometrial samples obtained after biopsy were fixed in Bouin’s fluid, processed, included in paraffin, and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) for histopathological examination. Plasmatic progesterone concentrations were evaluated by enzyme immunoessay (ELISA). There was no correlation between progesterone concentration and fertility. But there was a positive correlation between age and fertility, as older mares had major tendency of subfertility than younger ones. There was also a correlation between biopsy categories and fertility, as more histological alterations were found, higher were the chances for the mares to be subfertile. However not all mares classified as Category I and II maintained pregnancy until parturition. Other factors could influence pregnancy maintenance. In the same way, not all mares in Category III were infertile. The endometrial biopsy was shown to be an easy and cheap diagnostic technique with minimal discomfort to the animals and, together with other data, to be a very important component in the investigation of mare fertility.

• Mare subfertility endometrial biopsy histopathology progesterone

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Eigenheer-Moreira J.F., Fernandes F.T., Queiroz F.J.R, Pinho T.G.& Ferreira A.M.R. 2007. [Comparative study of repeat breeds and healthy mares through endometrial histology and plasmatic progesterone concentrations.] Estudo comparativo de éguas repetidoras ou não de cio através da avaliação histológica do endométrio e das concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(12):506-512. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: joana.vet@gmail.com.br The study aimed to compare endometrial histology and plasmatic progesterone (P4) concentration of repeat breeds and healthy mares. The hypothesis was that there is a correlation between infertility and endometrial histology and P4 concentration in both groups. A total of 36 Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador mares in reproductive age (3-23 years) were used, 11 of them were healthy mares (Control group, 7 embryo recipient and 4 embryo donors), and 25 repeat breeders (10 embryo recipient and 15 embryo donors), classified as based on their reproductive history. Endometrial and blood samples were collected for respectively histological and plasma progesterone concentration evaluation. The endometrial samples obtained after biopsy were fixed in Bouin’s fluid, processed, included in paraffin, and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) for histopathological examination. Plasmatic progesterone concentrations were evaluated by enzyme immunoessay (ELISA). There was no correlation between progesterone concentration and fertility. But there was a positive correlation between age and fertility, as older mares had major tendency of subfertility than younger ones. There was also a correlation between biopsy categories and fertility, as more histological alterations were found, higher were the chances for the mares to be subfertile. However not all mares classified as Category I and II maintained pregnancy until parturition. Other factors could influence pregnancy maintenance. In the same way, not all mares in Category III were infertile. The endometrial biopsy was shown to be an easy and cheap diagnostic technique with minimal discomfort to the animals and, together with other data, to be a very important component in the investigation of mare fertility.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Brandão P.E., Laura Y. B. Villarreal L.Y.B., F.Gregori F., Souza S.L.P., Lopes M.A.E., Gomes C.R., Sforsin A.J., Sanches A.A., Rosales C.A.R., Richtzenhain L.J., Ferreira A.J.P. & Jerez J.A. 2007. On the etiology of an outbreak of winter dysentery in dairy cows in Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(10):398-402. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: paulo7926@yahoo.com Winter dysentery (WD) is a seasonal infectious disease described worldwide that causes a marked decrease in milk production in dairy cows. In the Northern hemisphere, where the disease is classically recognized, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has been assigned as a major etiologic agent of the disease. Nonetheless, in the Southern hemisphere, an in-deep etiological survey on WD cases had not been carried out. This study aimed to survey for BCoV by nested-RT-PCR, rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ELISA, bacteria by classical bacteriological methods and PCR for virulence factors and parasites by sugar flotation test on fecal samples of 21 cows from a farm during an outbreak of WD in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. BCoV was detected in all 21 samples, while rotavirus was detected in two symptomatic cows. Escherichia coli, Yersinia intermedia, Providencia rustigianii Proteus penneri, Klebsiella terrigena and Enterobacter aglomerans were detected in samples from both asymptomatic and healthy cows in different associations. The study of E. coli virulence factors revealed that the strains isolated were all apathogenic. Cysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Strongyloidea were detected at low numbers in four of the symptomatic cows, with one co-infestation. These results suggest BCoV as the main etiologic agent of the cases of WD in Brazil, a conclusion that, with the clinical and epidemiological patterns of the disease studied herein, match those already described elsewhere. These findings give basis to the development of preventive measures and contribute to the understanding of the etiology of WD.

• Bovine coronavirus etiology winter dysentery

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Brandão P.E., Laura Y. B. Villarreal L.Y.B., F.Gregori F., Souza S.L.P., Lopes M.A.E., Gomes C.R., Sforsin A.J., Sanches A.A., Rosales C.A.R., Richtzenhain L.J., Ferreira A.J.P. & Jerez J.A. 2007. On the etiology of an outbreak of winter dysentery in dairy cows in Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(10):398-402. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: paulo7926@yahoo.com Winter dysentery (WD) is a seasonal infectious disease described worldwide that causes a marked decrease in milk production in dairy cows. In the Northern hemisphere, where the disease is classically recognized, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has been assigned as a major etiologic agent of the disease. Nonetheless, in the Southern hemisphere, an in-deep etiological survey on WD cases had not been carried out. This study aimed to survey for BCoV by nested-RT-PCR, rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ELISA, bacteria by classical bacteriological methods and PCR for virulence factors and parasites by sugar flotation test on fecal samples of 21 cows from a farm during an outbreak of WD in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. BCoV was detected in all 21 samples, while rotavirus was detected in two symptomatic cows. Escherichia coli, Yersinia intermedia, Providencia rustigianii Proteus penneri, Klebsiella terrigena and Enterobacter aglomerans were detected in samples from both asymptomatic and healthy cows in different associations. The study of E. coli virulence factors revealed that the strains isolated were all apathogenic. Cysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Strongyloidea were detected at low numbers in four of the symptomatic cows, with one co-infestation. These results suggest BCoV as the main etiologic agent of the cases of WD in Brazil, a conclusion that, with the clinical and epidemiological patterns of the disease studied herein, match those already described elsewhere. These findings give basis to the development of preventive measures and contribute to the understanding of the etiology of WD.

Abstract in English:

Abstract.- Brocchi M., Ferreira A., Lancellotti M., Stehling E.G., Campos T.A., Nakazato G., Pestana de Castro A.F. & Silveira W.D. 2006. Typing of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains by REP-PCR. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(2):69-73. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br In the present study the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to establish the clonal variability of 49 avian Escherichia coli (APEC) strains isolated from different outbreak cases of septicemia (n=24), swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11). Thirty commensal strains isolated from poultry with no signs of these illnesses were used as control strains. The purified DNA of these strains produced electrophoretic profiles ranging from 0 to 15 bands with molecular sizes varying from 100 bp to 6.1 kb, allowing the grouping of the 79 strains into a dendrogram containing 49 REP-types. Although REP-PCR showed good discriminating power it was not able to group the strains either into specific pathogenic classes or to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. On the contrary, we recently demonstrated that other techniques such as ERIC-PCR and isoenzyme profiles are appropriate to discriminate between commensal and APEC strains and also to group these strains into specific pathogenic classes. In conclusion, REP-PCR seems to be a technique neither efficient nor universal for APEC strains discrimination. However, the population clonal structure obtained with the use of REP-PCR must not be ignored particularly if one takes into account that the APEC pathogenic mechanisms are not completely understood yet.

• Avian Escherichia coli typing REP-PCR.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Abstract.- Brocchi M., Ferreira A., Lancellotti M., Stehling E.G., Campos T.A., Nakazato G., Pestana de Castro A.F. & Silveira W.D. 2006. Typing of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains by REP-PCR. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(2):69-73. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br In the present study the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to establish the clonal variability of 49 avian Escherichia coli (APEC) strains isolated from different outbreak cases of septicemia (n=24), swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11). Thirty commensal strains isolated from poultry with no signs of these illnesses were used as control strains. The purified DNA of these strains produced electrophoretic profiles ranging from 0 to 15 bands with molecular sizes varying from 100 bp to 6.1 kb, allowing the grouping of the 79 strains into a dendrogram containing 49 REP-types. Although REP-PCR showed good discriminating power it was not able to group the strains either into specific pathogenic classes or to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. On the contrary, we recently demonstrated that other techniques such as ERIC-PCR and isoenzyme profiles are appropriate to discriminate between commensal and APEC strains and also to group these strains into specific pathogenic classes. In conclusion, REP-PCR seems to be a technique neither efficient nor universal for APEC strains discrimination. However, the population clonal structure obtained with the use of REP-PCR must not be ignored particularly if one takes into account that the APEC pathogenic mechanisms are not completely understood yet.