PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Alves F.R., Emerson T.F., Ricardo R.G., Juliana C.D., Antônio A.N.M.J., Ambrósio C.E., Irina K. & Miglino M.A. 2010. Establishment of a protocol for obtention of neuronal stem cells lineages from the dog olfactory epithelium. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(4):363-372. Departamento de Ciência Animal, Campus Universitário, Bairro Cibrazen, Bom Jesus, PI 64900-000, Brazil. E-mail: flavioribeiro@ufpi.edu.br A morphological and cell culture study from nasal mucosa of dogs was performed in order to establish a protocol to obtain a cell population committed to neuronal lineage, as a proposal for the treatment of traumatic and degenerative lesions in these animals, so that in the future these results could be applied to the human species. Twelve mongrel dogs of 60-day aged pregnancy were collected from urban pound dogs in São Paulo. Tissue from cribriform ethmoidal lamina of the fetuses was collected at necropsy under sterile conditions around 1h to 2h postmortem by uterine sections and sections from the fetal regions described above. Isolated cells of this tissue were added in DMEM/F-12 medium under standard conditions of incubation (5% CO2, >37°C). Cell culture based on isolated cells from biopsies of the olfactory epithelium showed rapid growth when cultured for 24 hours, showing phase-bright sphere cells found floating around the fragments, attached on culture flasks. After 20 days, a specific type of cells, predominantly ellipsoids or fusiform cells was characterized in vitro. The indirect immunofluorescence examination showed cells expressing markers of neuronal precursors (GFAP, neurofilament, oligodendrocyte, and III â-tubulin). The cell proliferation index showed Ki67 immunostaining with a trend to label cell groups throughout the apical region, while PCNA immunostaining label predominantly cell groups lying above the basal lamina. The transmission electron microscopy from the olfactory epithelium of dogs revealed cells with electron-dense cytoplasm and preserving the same distribution as those of positive cell staining for PCNA. Metabolic activity was confirmed by presence of euchromatin in the greatest part of cells. All these aspects give subsidies to support the hypothesis about resident progenitor cells among the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium, committed to renewal of these cell populations, especially neurons.

• Olfactory epithelium cell culture stem cell epitélio olfatório cultivo de células células-tronco

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Alves F.R., Emerson T.F., Ricardo R.G., Juliana C.D., Antônio A.N.M.J., Ambrósio C.E., Irina K. & Miglino M.A. 2010. Establishment of a protocol for obtention of neuronal stem cells lineages from the dog olfactory epithelium. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(4):363-372. Departamento de Ciência Animal, Campus Universitário, Bairro Cibrazen, Bom Jesus, PI 64900-000, Brazil. E-mail: flavioribeiro@ufpi.edu.br Foi realizado um estudo morfológico e por cultivo celular a partir de células provenientes da mucosa olfatória de cães, como forma de estabelecer um protocolo de cultivo, como uma proposta para o tratamento de lesões traumáticas e nervosas degenerativas nestes animais e futuramente, para que tais resultados possam ser aplicados a espécie humana. Foram utilizados doze cães sem raça definida, a termo, oriundos de castrações do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de São Paulo. O tecido da lâmina cribiforme do etmóide dos fetos foi coletado sob necropsia, em condições estéreis, 1 a 2 horas post mortem, por meio de incisão uterina e acesso da região fetal supracitada. Depois as células isoladas desse tecido foram adicionadas em médio DMEM/F-12 sob condições padrão (5% CO2, >37°C). As células obtidas a partir de biópsias do epitélio olfatório de cães apresentaram rápido crescimento após 24 horas de cultivo, demonstrando morfologia esférica, sendo encontradas flutuando ao redor do fragmento aderido à garrafa de cultura. Após 20 dias, foram verificados tipos celulares específicos, predominantemente elipsóides ou fusiformes, foram observadas in vitro. Sob avaliação por imunofluorescência indireta observaram-se células com expressão positiva para marcadores de precursores neuronais (GFAP, Neurofilamentos, oligodendrócitos e â-tubulina III). O índice de proliferação celular mostrou-se positivo para Ki67 com uma tendência de marcação de grupos celulares ao longo da região apical, enquanto a imunomarcação para PCNA mostrou-se predominantemente em grupos celulares residentes sobre a lâmina basal. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão do epitélio olfatório de cães revelou células com citoplasma eletrodenso e mesma distribuição das células marcadas positivamente para PCNA. A atividade metabólica foi confirmada pela presença de eucromatina em muitas regiões celulares. Todos estes aspectos sustentam a hipotese sobre a presença de células progenitoras residentes entre as células basais do epitélio olfatório comprometidas com a renovação desse epitélio, particularmente a população de neurônios.

Abstract in English:

RESUMO.- Rosa A.C., Moraes A.N., Beier S.L., Oleskovicz N., Regalin D., Carneiro R. & Nascimento C.A.F. 2009. [Evaluation of the cardiorrespiratory and hemogasometrics effects and cortisol plasmatic concentration in bovine submitted of electromagnetic immobilization.] Avaliação dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e da concentração plasmática de cortisol em bovinos submetidos à imobilização eletromagnética. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(10):816-822. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: cassivetr@hotmail.com As formas de imobilização em bovinos mais utilizadas levam a uma manipulação excessiva e consequentemente estressante para o animal. A dor é uma experiência emocional de sensação desagradável que vem associada a um prejuízo tecidual. Surge no mercado um método de contenção física para bovinos que propõe a utilização de um aparelho que funciona com ondas eletromagnéticas de baixa intensidade promovendo imobilização sem estresse e ou estímulo doloroso para o animal. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos bem como os níveis de cortisol de bovinos submetidos à imobilização eletromagnética, a fim de observar se tal método é eficaz na diminuição do estresse e/ou estímulo doloroso. Foram utilizados 6 bovinos, mestiços, peso médio de 300,3 kg (±85,76). Os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos (controle dele mesmo): grupo controle (GC), introdução da sonda via retal (desligada); grupo Imobilizador (GI) introdução da sonda e permanência desta ligada por 5 minutos. Análise estatística utilizou o Teste T pareado entre os grupos (P<0,05) e a avaliação entre tempos dentro de cada grupo análise de variância de uma única via com repetições múltiplas (ANOVA - RM). Momentos avaliados M0: basal; M1: imediatamente após a retirada da sonda; M2 e M3 (30 e 60 minutos após M1 respectivamente). Houve um aumento significativo nas variáveis: frequências cardíaca e respiratória em (M1), na Pressão arterial média (M1, M2, M3) e níveis de cortisol nos momentos M1 e M2 no grupo imobilizador quando comparado ao grupo controle. Com relação à resposta ao estímulo, o GI teve resposta negativa no momento da estimulação, comparado ao GC (resposta máxima). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que o imobilizador eletromagnético é um método, exclusivamente, de contenção física, não oferecendo nenhum suporte anestésico, para o conforto ou bem estar ao animal.

• Pain analgesia stress restraint

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Rosa A.C., Moraes A.N., Beier S.L., Oleskovicz N., Regalin D., Carneiro R. & Nascimento C.A.F. 2009. [Evaluation of the cardiorrespiratory and hemogasometrics effects and cortisol plasmatic concentration in bovine submitted of electromagnetic immobilization.] Avaliação dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e da concentração plasmática de cortisol em bovinos submetidos à imobilização eletromagnética. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(10):816-822. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: cassivetr@hotmail.com The ways of immobilization generally used in cattle provide excessive manipulation and stress for the animal. The pain is an emotional experience and unpleasant sensation in combination with tissue damage. The new method of physical restraint for cattle uses low intensity electromagnetic waves, promising immobilization without stress or painful stimulation for the animals. The aim of this study is to evaluate of cardiorespiratory effects and plasmatic cortisol concentration of cattle submitted to electromagnetic immobilization. Six healthy cows with average weight of 300.3 ± 85.76 kg (mean ± SD) were assigned to two treatments in a randomized design with a 15-day interval between experiments GC (control group) and GI (immobilization group). Data are presented as mean + SD. The statistical analyses used the t-Test between groups, and ANOVA random block design between times into same group. All statistical analyses were performed using P<0.05 as a significant level. Evaluation moments: M1 (basal); M1: after withdrawal probe, M2 and M3 (30 and 60 minutes after M1 respectively). There was a significant increase of FC and f in M1, PAM in the moments (M1, M2, M3) and in the levels of plasmatic cortisol concentration in M1 e M2 in the immobilization group when to compared with the control group. It could be concluded that this electromagnetic immobilization is a method of physic restraint only, offers no anesthetic support and favors comfort and animal welfare.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Filappi A.R., Prestes D.S., Antes F.G., Flores E.L.M., Dressler V.L., Flores E.M.M. & Cecim M. 2008. [Metabolism and distribution of fluor in lambs chronically treated with sodium fluoride.] Metabolismo e distribuição do flúor em ovinos jovens tratados cronicamente com fluoreto de sódio. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(2):124-128. Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: afilappi@bol.com.br The objective of the present study was to evaluate fluorine metabolism in growing lambs. Twelve 5-month-old male lambs maintained on alfalfa hay (3% BW) and non-fluorinated water ad libitum were used. Animals were allocated into Control, receiving 5g NaCl/animal/day + 0.2mg I/kg dry matter) and Treated group, receiving the same treatment plus sodium fluoride (4.7mg F/kg body weight). Mineral treatment was given by gavage, daily for 150 days. Blood, urine and fecal samples were collected during and the end of the experiment. At the end of treatment period animals were euthanized and kidney, pineal and bone samples were collected. Urine F was higher in treated animals throughout the experiment. Bone F levels were also increased in treated animals; pineal F content however, was not different between groups. Kidney histology revealed no differences. It is concluded that chronic F administration induces accumulation of the element in the skeleton. However such fact appears not to be detrimental to animals. Rates of F accumulation in bone and urine excretion obtained in other species can not be used in growing lambs.

• Fluoride sheep serum urine bone

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Filappi A.R., Prestes D.S., Antes F.G., Flores E.L.M., Dressler V.L., Flores E.M.M. & Cecim M. 2008. [Metabolism and distribution of fluor in lambs chronically treated with sodium fluoride.] Metabolismo e distribuição do flúor em ovinos jovens tratados cronicamente com fluoreto de sódio. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(2):124-128. Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: afilappi@bol.com.br The objective of the present study was to evaluate fluorine metabolism in growing lambs. Twelve 5-month-old male lambs maintained on alfalfa hay (3% BW) and non-fluorinated water ad libitum were used. Animals were allocated into Control, receiving 5g NaCl/animal/day + 0.2mg I/kg dry matter) and Treated group, receiving the same treatment plus sodium fluoride (4.7mg F/kg body weight). Mineral treatment was given by gavage, daily for 150 days. Blood, urine and fecal samples were collected during and the end of the experiment. At the end of treatment period animals were euthanized and kidney, pineal and bone samples were collected. Urine F was higher in treated animals throughout the experiment. Bone F levels were also increased in treated animals; pineal F content however, was not different between groups. Kidney histology revealed no differences. It is concluded that chronic F administration induces accumulation of the element in the skeleton. However such fact appears not to be detrimental to animals. Rates of F accumulation in bone and urine excretion obtained in other species can not be used in growing lambs.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Watanabe I., Guimarães J.P., Ogawa K., Iyomasa M.M., Miglino M.A. ,Silva M. C.P., Semprini M., Sosthines M.C.K., Lopes M.O. & Lopes R.A. 2007. [Submandibular gland of rats with ageing: observations with high resolution scanning electron microscopy.] Glândula submandibular de ratos com envelhecimento: observações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura de alta resolução. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(12):501-505. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Maruer de Paiva 87, 05389-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: watanabe@icb.usp.br The three-dimensional characteristics of the intracellular components of acinar and ductal cells were revealed using the osmium-DMSO-osmium method. The samples were macerated in diluted osmium after fractured in DMSO solution. The stacks of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are revealed intermingling by several mitochondria. The lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are located around the nuclei at basal portion and these structures are shown in three-dimensional HRSEM images.

• Submandibular gland rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria rat HRSEM

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Watanabe I., Guimarães J.P., Ogawa K., Iyomasa M.M., Miglino M.A. ,Silva M. C.P., Semprini M., Sosthines M.C.K., Lopes M.O. & Lopes R.A. 2007. [Submandibular gland of rats with ageing: observations with high resolution scanning electron microscopy.] Glândula submandibular de ratos com envelhecimento: observações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura de alta resolução. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(12):501-505. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Maruer de Paiva 87, 05389-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: watanabe@icb.usp.br The three-dimensional characteristics of the intracellular components of acinar and ductal cells were revealed using the osmium-DMSO-osmium method. The samples were macerated in diluted osmium after fractured in DMSO solution. The stacks of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are revealed intermingling by several mitochondria. The lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are located around the nuclei at basal portion and these structures are shown in three-dimensional HRSEM images.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Rossi Jr J.L., Gioso M.A., Teles M.Q. & Domingues-F. L.M. 2007. [Accompaniment of the dental growth in Puma concolor kept in captivity.] Acompanhamento do crescimento dental em Puma concolor mantido em cativeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(5):205-208. Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando de Marques de Paiva 87, Bloco 8-superior, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: vetjrossi@gmail.com The development of dentistry is delayed in the preventive internal medicine for wild animals. Some international papers about wild animal dentistry have already been published regarding some species in wild life or kept in captivity in different geographical regions, but not specifically about the great neotropical felines Panthera onca and Puma concolor. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of malocclusion in neotropical felines maintained in the state of São Paulo. For the study a sample of 42 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 36 pumas (Puma concolor) was used, totalizing 78 animals, proceeding from 18 institutions where such species were kept in captivity. All animals were examined if the occlusion was in accordance with the normal for the species. The teeth were identified one by one, examined directly by means of a dental explorer. Malocclusion was present in 47.61% (20 cases) in Panthera onca, and in 5.55% (2 cases) of Puma concolor. The animals with malocclusions apparently did not have problems of food apprehension or chewing ability, although they presented a more reduced interproximal space, with food accumulation the lack of removal of which could provoke oral problems.

• Felidae Puma concolor captivity animals stomatognathic system

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Rossi Jr J.L., Gioso M.A., Teles M.Q. & Domingues-F. L.M. 2007. [Accompaniment of the dental growth in Puma concolor kept in captivity.] Acompanhamento do crescimento dental em Puma concolor mantido em cativeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(5):205-208. Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando de Marques de Paiva 87, Bloco 8-superior, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: vetjrossi@gmail.com The development of dentistry is delayed in the preventive internal medicine for wild animals. Some international papers about wild animal dentistry have already been published regarding some species in wild life or kept in captivity in different geographical regions, but not specifically about the great neotropical felines Panthera onca and Puma concolor. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of malocclusion in neotropical felines maintained in the state of São Paulo. For the study a sample of 42 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 36 pumas (Puma concolor) was used, totalizing 78 animals, proceeding from 18 institutions where such species were kept in captivity. All animals were examined if the occlusion was in accordance with the normal for the species. The teeth were identified one by one, examined directly by means of a dental explorer. Malocclusion was present in 47.61% (20 cases) in Panthera onca, and in 5.55% (2 cases) of Puma concolor. The animals with malocclusions apparently did not have problems of food apprehension or chewing ability, although they presented a more reduced interproximal space, with food accumulation the lack of removal of which could provoke oral problems.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Souza A.M., Marques D.F., Döbereiner J. & Dutra I.S. 2006. [Spores and toxins of Clostridium botulinum in raining ponds used as water supply for cattle in pastures in the Araguaia Valley, state of Goiás, Brazil.] Esporos e toxinas de Clostridium botulinum em cacimbas utilizadas como bebedouro de bovinos no Vale do Araguaia, Goiás. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(3):133-138. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: airesms@vet.ufg.br The occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D in 300 ponds, used by cattle for drinking on 130 farms located in 12 municipalities of the Rio Araguaia valley, state of Goiás, Brazil, was evaluated. The presence of spores was determined indirectly by cultivation in culture medium, followed by inoculation and neutralization in mice of samples of the sediment from the bottom of the raining ponds, from superficial soil and from cattle feces collected to its circuit. The toxin presence was evaluated directly by inoculation in mice of the filtered sediment of the ponds, followed by the neutralization in mice with antitoxins C and D. The presence of C. botulinum spores was significantly more frequent (p<0,05) in the cattle feces (31%), when compared with the results of the superficial soil samples (19%) and the sediments (10%). Botulinum toxins of type C and D or classified as belonging to the CD compound were detected in 6 samples (2%) of the 300 ponds. Of the 130 worked farms, in 122 (93,85%) ponds Clostridium botulinum spores or toxins were found in at least one of the researched variables, whilst ponds on only 8 (6,15%) farms did not present any contamination. Age and depth of the ponds were associated with the frequency of detection of botulinum spores and toxins. The older and shallower the ponds were, the larger was the frequency of isolation of the spores and toxins. The contamination of the ponds in the Araguaia valley with Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D demonstrates the permanent and growing potential risk for the occurrence of botulism in cattle through drinking water.

• Clostridium botulinum spores botulinum toxin botulism water contamination ponds cattle

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Souza A.M., Marques D.F., Döbereiner J. & Dutra I.S. 2006. [Spores and toxins of Clostridium botulinum in raining ponds used as water supply for cattle in pastures in the Araguaia Valley, state of Goiás, Brazil.] Esporos e toxinas de Clostridium botulinum em cacimbas utilizadas como bebedouro de bovinos no Vale do Araguaia, Goiás. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(3):133-138. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: airesms@vet.ufg.br The occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D in 300 ponds, used by cattle for drinking on 130 farms located in 12 municipalities of the Rio Araguaia valley, state of Goiás, Brazil, was evaluated. The presence of spores was determined indirectly by cultivation in culture medium, followed by inoculation and neutralization in mice of samples of the sediment from the bottom of the raining ponds, from superficial soil and from cattle feces collected to its circuit. The toxin presence was evaluated directly by inoculation in mice of the filtered sediment of the ponds, followed by the neutralization in mice with antitoxins C and D. The presence of C. botulinum spores was significantly more frequent (p<0,05) in the cattle feces (31%), when compared with the results of the superficial soil samples (19%) and the sediments (10%). Botulinum toxins of type C and D or classified as belonging to the CD compound were detected in 6 samples (2%) of the 300 ponds. Of the 130 worked farms, in 122 (93,85%) ponds Clostridium botulinum spores or toxins were found in at least one of the researched variables, whilst ponds on only 8 (6,15%) farms did not present any contamination. Age and depth of the ponds were associated with the frequency of detection of botulinum spores and toxins. The older and shallower the ponds were, the larger was the frequency of isolation of the spores and toxins. The contamination of the ponds in the Araguaia valley with Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D demonstrates the permanent and growing potential risk for the occurrence of botulism in cattle through drinking water.

Abstract in English:

Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F., Serakides R., Santos R.L., Dias G.R.C., Nascimento R.A.P., Abreu V.L.V, Parreiras P.M. & Uzal F.A. 2005. Immunohistochemical detection of Clostridia species in paraffin-embedded tissues of experimentally inoculated guinea pigs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):4-8. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Cx. Postal 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil. E-mail: assisra@rwnet.com.br Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei, whereas malignant oedema is caused by C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii, C. perfringens type A, and/or C. novyi type A. Anti-C. chauvoei, anti-C. septicum, anti-C. sordellii and anti-C. novyi type A polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits and purified in a column of DEAE-cellulose. Aliquots of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the remaining was used for the streptavidin biotin peroxidase technique (SBPT). SBPT was standardized to detect C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii and C. novyi type A in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of guinea pigs. SBPT was compared to a fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). Sections and smears of muscle from inoculation area (MIA), heart, liver, spleen and kidney, were obtained for both SBPT and FAT. Cross-reactions between the different Clostridial species were not observed. C. chauvoei and C. septicum were detected in all specimens from the animals inoculated with these microorganisms, while only sections of muscle obtained from all the animals inoculated with C. sordellii and C. novyi type A were positive. The same results observed by the SBPT, were obtained on tissue smears of these microorganisms stained by the FAT. The results indicate that SBPT is suitable for detection of C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii and C. novyi type A in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of guinea pigs.

• Blackleg malignant oedema Clostridia guinea pigs fluorescent antibody technique streptavidin biotin peroxidase technique.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F., Serakides R., Santos R.L., Dias G.R.C., Nascimento R.A.P., Abreu V.L.V, Parreiras P.M. & Uzal F.A. 2005. Immunohistochemical detection of Clostridia species in paraffin-embedded tissues of experimentally inoculated guinea pigs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):4-8. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Cx. Postal 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil. E-mail: assisra@rwnet.com.br Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei, whereas malignant oedema is caused by C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii, C. perfringens type A, and/or C. novyi type A. Anti-C. chauvoei, anti-C. septicum, anti-C. sordellii and anti-C. novyi type A polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits and purified in a column of DEAE-cellulose. Aliquots of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the remaining was used for the streptavidin biotin peroxidase technique (SBPT). SBPT was standardized to detect C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii and C. novyi type A in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of guinea pigs. SBPT was compared to a fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). Sections and smears of muscle from inoculation area (MIA), heart, liver, spleen and kidney, were obtained for both SBPT and FAT. Cross-reactions between the different Clostridial species were not observed. C. chauvoei and C. septicum were detected in all specimens from the animals inoculated with these microorganisms, while only sections of muscle obtained from all the animals inoculated with C. sordellii and C. novyi type A were positive. The same results observed by the SBPT, were obtained on tissue smears of these microorganisms stained by the FAT. The results indicate that SBPT is suitable for detection of C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii and C. novyi type A in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of guinea pigs.

Abstract in English:

Amaral A.L., Morés N., Barioni W.J., Ventura L., Silva R.A.M. & Silva V.S. 2004. [Risk factors at the growth-termination phase associated with the occurrence of lymphadenitis in swine.] Fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de linfadenite em suínos na fase de crescimento-terminação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3):120-122. Depto Epidemiologia, Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Cx. Postal 21, Concórdia, SC 89700-000, Brazil. E-mail: armando@cnpsa.embrapa.br An epidemiological study in 60 units of swine termination (UT), pertaining to producers integrated with the main Agribusiness of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. These units had been selected due to the occurrence of lymphadenitis in slaughtered pigs. The batch size studied in each UT varied from 22 to 960 pigs. The animals were considered positive or negative for lymphadenitis, following the evaluation routine of the Service of Federal Inspection (SIF) at slaughter. For data collection at the UTs, a questionnaire with 156 variables was applied at a single visit to the farms. In the 60 UT studied, the percentage of positive animals for lymphadenitis was 10.37%. Among the variables analyzed, nine risk factors were identified (explicative variables) and associated with the occurrence of lymphadenitis (objective variables). The explicative variables were: bad hygiene of the feeders and drinking fountains, untreated drinking water, bad conservation of the facilities, use of the same truck for ration and animal transportation, production of ration inside the farm, free access of other animals to the ingredients of ration, storage of ready usable ration in boxes or bags and handling of the production of animals in an continuous system.

• Swine risk factors lymphadenitis.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Amaral A.L., Morés N., Barioni W.J., Ventura L., Silva R.A.M. & Silva V.S. 2004. [Risk factors at the growth-termination phase associated with the occurrence of lymphadenitis in swine.] Fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de linfadenite em suínos na fase de crescimento-terminação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3):120-122. Depto Epidemiologia, Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Cx. Postal 21, Concórdia, SC 89700-000, Brazil. E-mail: armando@cnpsa.embrapa.br An epidemiological study in 60 units of swine termination (UT), pertaining to producers integrated with the main Agribusiness of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. These units had been selected due to the occurrence of lymphadenitis in slaughtered pigs. The batch size studied in each UT varied from 22 to 960 pigs. The animals were considered positive or negative for lymphadenitis, following the evaluation routine of the Service of Federal Inspection (SIF) at slaughter. For data collection at the UTs, a questionnaire with 156 variables was applied at a single visit to the farms. In the 60 UT studied, the percentage of positive animals for lymphadenitis was 10.37%. Among the variables analyzed, nine risk factors were identified (explicative variables) and associated with the occurrence of lymphadenitis (objective variables). The explicative variables were: bad hygiene of the feeders and drinking fountains, untreated drinking water, bad conservation of the facilities, use of the same truck for ration and animal transportation, production of ration inside the farm, free access of other animals to the ingredients of ration, storage of ready usable ration in boxes or bags and handling of the production of animals in an continuous system.

Abstract in English:

Oliveira A., Fonseca A.H., Ishikawa M.M. & Yoshinari N.H. 2004. [Cinetic growth of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) in different culture media.] Cinética do crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi em diferentes meios de cultivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):61-64. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br The cinetic of growth of Borrelia burgdorferi was studied during a 3-month period, using the following 8 culture media: (1) rabbit serum BSK, (2) swine serum BSK, (3) swine serum BSK+5 fluorouracil, (4) PMR, (5) CTB, (6) Dubos, (7) Brucella broth and (8) BHI. All media were prepared aseptically and were maintained in culture tubes of 10 ml capacity. For each medium, the inoculum was standardized to contain initially 102 spirochetes for each 0.1 ml of culture. The growth was monitorized by counting the total number of spirochetes in 0.1ml of medium in a dark field microscope, using a 10x30 mm cover slip. For the first 12 days, counting was done each 24 hours, and afterwards once a week during 14 weeks. There occurred growth of B. burgdorferi in all tested media, with the best performance of three of them: BSK with rabbit serum, BSK swine serum + 5 fluorouracil, and CTB medium. Growth of B. burgdorferi was seen from the 4th week on, reaching its maximum within 8-12 weeks, depleting the culture medium after this time. Cystic forms of B. burgdorferi were observed with all tested media.

• Culture medium Borrelia burgdorferi borreliosis Spirochaetaceae bacteria cultivation cinetic growth cystic forms.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Oliveira A., Fonseca A.H., Ishikawa M.M. & Yoshinari N.H. 2004. [Cinetic growth of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) in different culture media.] Cinética do crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi em diferentes meios de cultivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):61-64. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br The cinetic of growth of Borrelia burgdorferi was studied during a 3-month period, using the following 8 culture media: (1) rabbit serum BSK, (2) swine serum BSK, (3) swine serum BSK+5 fluorouracil, (4) PMR, (5) CTB, (6) Dubos, (7) Brucella broth and (8) BHI. All media were prepared aseptically and were maintained in culture tubes of 10 ml capacity. For each medium, the inoculum was standardized to contain initially 102 spirochetes for each 0.1 ml of culture. The growth was monitorized by counting the total number of spirochetes in 0.1ml of medium in a dark field microscope, using a 10x30 mm cover slip. For the first 12 days, counting was done each 24 hours, and afterwards once a week during 14 weeks. There occurred growth of B. burgdorferi in all tested media, with the best performance of three of them: BSK with rabbit serum, BSK swine serum + 5 fluorouracil, and CTB medium. Growth of B. burgdorferi was seen from the 4th week on, reaching its maximum within 8-12 weeks, depleting the culture medium after this time. Cystic forms of B. burgdorferi were observed with all tested media.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Schmitz M., Germer M., Nascimento R.A.P., Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F. & Uzal F.A. 2003. [Caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):173-178. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br Five outbreaks of caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were studied. The animais were found dead or had a clinical course that usually lásted 2-3 hours. From two farms a clinical manifestation period of 12 hours was reported. Clinical signs were characterized by depression, marked abdominal discomfort, profuse watery diarrhea with fibrin clots, and death. Thirteen necropsies were performed and hydropericardium, hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum were commonly found. The mucosa and serosa of the colon were congested, and its contents was watery with multiple fibrin clots. Serosal hemorrhages and fibrin clots in the gallbladder were also seen. Fibrinous colitis and thyphilitis were the most frequent histological changes. Cerebral microangiopathy was observed in one case, which was characterized by acute perivascular proteinaceous edema around arterioles of the nucleus caudatus and thalamus. Large numbers of Gram-positive rods, of ten in clumps and with morphology consistent with Clostridium perfringens, were seen in intestinal smears. The intestinal contents of six goats were positive for epsilon toxin by mouse neutralization test. These findings suggest that enterotoxaemia is an important disease of goat flocks in southern Brazil.

• Goat enterotoxaemia Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin Enterotoxemia caprina toxina épsilon.

Abstract in Portuguese:

SINOPSE.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Schmitz M., Germer M., Nascimento R.A.P., Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F. & Uzal F.A. 2003. [Caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):173-178. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br São descritos surtos de enterotoxemia em caprinosem cinco propriedades no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais afetados eram, normalmente, encontrados mortos ou apresentavam evolução aguda de 2 a 3 horas com acentuada depressão, cólicas abdominais e diarréia profusa com fibrina. Em duas propriedades relataram-se casos com a evolução de até 12 horas. Em treze animais necropsiados observaram-se aumento de líquidos nas cavidades abdominal, torácica e pericárdica, congestão e hiperemia da serosa e mucosa do intestino, conteúdo do cólon líquido com fibrina além de hemorragias de serosa e fibrina. Em um animal constatou- se microangiopatia cerebral caracterizada por acúmulo de material homogêneo e eosinofilico no espaço perivascular. No conteúdo intestinal, colônias com bastonetes morfológica e bioquímicamente sugestivos de Clostridium pe,fringens foram caracterizadas no estudo bacteriológico. A soroneutralização em camundongos com conteúdo intestinal dos animais afetados, revelou a presença da toxina épsilon. Estes achados evidenciam a enterotoxemia como doença de importância para criação de caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul.